Acute kidney injury induced by COVID-19: a literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i2.39997Keywords:
COVID-19; Acute kidney injury; SARS-CoV-2.Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 infection has presented significant complications to individuals affected by the disease, among them, acute kidney injury has been showing an increasing incidence. Objective: to know the prevalence of kidney injuries associated with COVID-19, as well as its main clinical and laboratory manifestations. Method: A narrative literature review was performed using the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and PubMed databases. For the search, the descriptors were used: “Sars-CoV-2”, “COVID-19” and “Acute Kidney Injury”. Complete articles were selected, published in the languages: English, Spanish and Portuguese, during the year 2020 to 2023. 482 scientific productions were pre-selected, of which 59 corresponded to the inclusion criteria: complete articles; in English, Portuguese and Spanish and related to the objective used in this study. Results and Discussion: Reports of previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome described the prevalence of acute kidney injury, ranging from 5% to 15% of all cases, requiring the use of renal replacement therapy for 5% to 58% of critically ill patients. The impact of acute kidney injury on the outcomes of patients with SARS (SARS)-CoV-2 remains unclear but is of particular interest for introducing early therapy in acute patients as well as contributing to a better definition of prognosis. The extent (?) to which the development of acute kidney injury is associated with severe COVID-19 is unclear, given its association with relative immune dysregulation and exaggerated inflammatory responses. However, it is concluded that patients with the development of acute kidney injury have a worse prognosis and a higher mortality rate.
References
Akalin, E., Azzi, Y., Bartash, R., Seethamraju, H., Parides, M., Hemmige, V., Ross, M., Forest, S., Goldstein, Y. D., Ajaimy, M., Liriano-Ward, L., Pynadath, C., Loarte-Campos, P., Nandigam, P. B., Graham, J., Le, M., Rocca, J., & Kinkhabwala, M. (2020). Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation. The New England journal of medicine, 382(25), 2475–2477. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2011117
Akilesh, S., Nast, C. C., Yamashita, M., Henriksen, K., Charu, V., Troxell, M. L., Kambham, N., Bracamonte, E., Houghton, D., Ahmed, N. I., Chong, C. C., Thajudeen, B., Rehman, S., Khoury, F., Zuckerman, J. E., Gitomer, J., Raguram, P. C., Mujeeb, S., Schwarze, U., Shannon, M. B., & Smith, K. D. (2021). Multicenter Clinicopathologic Correlation of Kidney Biopsies Performed in COVID-19 Patients Presenting With Acute Kidney Injury or Proteinuria. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 77(1), 82–93.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.10.001
Argenziano, M. G., Bruce, S. L., Slater, C. L., Tiao, J. R., Baldwin, M. R., Barr, R. G., Chang, B. P., Chau, K. H., Choi, J. J., Gavin, N., Goyal, P., Mills, A. M., Patel, A. A., Romney, M. S., Safford, M. M., Schluger, N. W., Sengupta, S., Sobieszczyk, M. E., Zucker, J. E., Asadourian, P. A., & Chen, R. (2020). Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 369, m1996. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1996
Asghar, M. S., Haider Kazmi, S. J., Khan, N. A., Akram, M., Hassan, M., Rasheed, U., & Ahmed Khan, S. (2020). Poor Prognostic Biochemical Markers Predicting Fatalities Caused by COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study From a Developing Country. Cureus, 12(8), e9575. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9575
Batlle, D., Soler, M. J., Sparks, M. A., Hiremath, S., South, A. M., Welling, P. A., Swaminathan, S., & COVID-19 and ACE2 in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Kidney Working Group (2020). Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Emerging Evidence of a Distinct Pathophysiology. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 31(7), 1380–1383. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020040419
Bradley, B. T., Maioli, H., Johnston, R., Chaudhry, I., Fink, S. L., Xu, H., Najafian, B., Deutsch, G., Lacy, J. M., Williams, T., Yarid, N., & Marshall, D. A. (2020). Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series. Lancet (London, England), 396(10247), 320–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31305-2
Braun, F., Lütgehetmann, M., Pfefferle, S., Wong, M. N., Carsten, A., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Nörz, D., Heinrich, F., Meißner, K., Wichmann, D., Kluge, S., Gross, O., Pueschel, K., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Aepfelbacher, M., Puelles, V. G., & Huber, T. B. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury. Lancet (London, England), 396(10251), 597–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31759-1
Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., Xing, F., Liu, J., Yip, C. C., Poon, R. W., Tsoi, H. W., Lo, S. K., Chan, K. H., Poon, V. K., Chan, W. M., Ip, J. D., Cai, J. P., Cheng, V. C., Chen, H., Hui, C. K., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
Chen, T., Wu, D., Chen, H., Yan, W., Yang, D., Chen, G., Ma, K., Xu, D., Yu, H., Wang, H., Wang, T., Guo, W., Chen, J., Ding, C., Zhang, X., Huang, J., Han, M., Li, S., Luo, X., Zhao, J., & Ning, Q. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 368, m1091. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1091
Cheng, Y., Luo, R., Wang, K., Zhang, M., Wang, Z., Dong, L., Li, J., Yao, Y., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2020). Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney international, 97(5), 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005
Chaudhri, I., Moffitt, R., Taub, E., Annadi, R. R., Hoai, M., Bolotova, O., Yoo, J., Dhaliwal, S., Sahib, H., Daccueil, F., Hajagos, J., Saltz, M., Saltz, J., Mallipattu, S. K., & Koraishy, F. M. (2020). Association of Proteinuria and Hematuria with Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Kidney & blood pressure research, 45(6), 1018–1032. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511946
Cheng, Y., Luo, R., Wang, X., Wang, K., Zhang, N., Zhang, M., Wang, Z., Dong, L., Li, J., Zeng, R., Yao, Y., Ge, S., & Xu, G. (2020). The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 15(10), 1394–1402. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04650420
Colli, E. de H., Davalos, S. R. A., Benítez, D. F. D., Oliveira, F. A., Campos, C. B. S., Pinheiro, M. E. de L., Tavares, M. A. S. B., & Santos, T. F. (2022). Complicações renais resultantes de infecção pelo vírus da SARS-CoV-2. Research, Society and Development, 11(8), e17411830276. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i8.30276
Dudoignon, E., Moreno, N., Deniau, B., Coutrot, M., Longer, R., Amiot, Q., Mebazaa, A., Pirracchio, R., Depret, F., & Legrand, M. (2020). Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is associated with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine, 39(4), 453–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.06.006
El Moheb, M., Naar, L., Christensen, M. A., Kapoen, C., Maurer, L. R., Farhat, M., & Kaafarani, H. M. A. (2020). Gastrointestinal Complications in Critically Ill Patients With and Without COVID-19. JAMA, 324(18), 1899–1901. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19400
Elsoukkary, S. S., Mostyka, M., Dillard, A., Berman, D. R., Ma, L. X., Chadburn, A., Yantiss, R. K., Jessurun, J., Seshan, S. V., Borczuk, A. C., & Salvatore, S. P. (2021). Autopsy Findings in 32 Patients with COVID-19: A Single-Institution Experience. Pathobiology: journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology, 88(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511325
Ferlicot, S., Jamme, M., Gaillard, F., Oniszczuk, J., Couturier, A., May, O., Grünenwald, A., Sannier, A., Moktefi, A., Le Monnier, O., Petit-Hoang, C., Maroun, N., Brodin-Sartorius, A., Michon, A., Dobosziewicz, H., Andreelli, F., Guillet, M., Izzedine, H., Richard, C., Dekeyser, M., & AP-HP/Universities/Inserm COVID-19 research collaboration (2021). The spectrum of kidney biopsies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, acute kidney injury, and/or proteinuria. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, gfab042. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab042
Garg, S., Kim, L., Whitaker, M., O'Halloran, A., Cummings, C., Holstein, R., Prill, M., Chai, S. J., Kirley, P. D., Alden, N. B., Kawasaki, B., Yousey-Hindes, K., Niccolai, L., Anderson, E. J., Openo, K. P., Weigel, A., Monroe, M. L., Ryan, P., Henderson, J., Kim, S., & Fry, A. (2020). Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 69(15), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
Golmai, P., Larsen, C. P., DeVita, M. V., Wahl, S. J., Weins, A., Rennke, H. G., Bijol, V., & Rosenstock, J. L. (2020). Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Findings in Postmortem Kidney Biopsy Material in 12 Patients with AKI and COVID-19. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(9), 1944–1947. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050683
Hanley, B., Naresh, K. N., Roufosse, C., Nicholson, A. G., Weir, J., Cooke, G. S., Thursz, M., Manousou, P., Corbett, R., Goldin, R., Al-Sarraj, S., Abdolrasouli, A., Swann, O. C., Baillon, L., Penn, R., Barclay, W. S., Viola, P., & Osborn, M. (2020). Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study. The Lancet. Microbe, 1(6), e245–e253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4
Hirsch, J. S., Ng, J. H., Ross, D. W., Sharma, P., Shah, H. H., Barnett, R. L., Hazzan, A. D., Fishbane, S., Jhaveri, K. D., Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, & Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium (2020). Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney international, 98(1), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.006
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jhaveri, K. D., Meir, L. R., Flores Chang, B. S., Parikh, R., Wanchoo, R., Barilla-LaBarca, M. L., Bijol, V., & Hajizadeh, N. (2020). Thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with COVID-19. Kidney international, 98(2), 509–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.025
Jin, M., & Tong, Q. (2020). Rhabdomyolysis as Potential Late Complication Associated with COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(7), 1618–1620. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200445
Ki, M., & Task Force for 2019-nCoV (2020). Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea. Epidemiology and health, 42, e2020007. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020007
Kudose, S., Batal, I., Santoriello, D., Xu, K., Barasch, J., Peleg, Y., Canetta, P., Ratner, L. E., Marasa, M., Gharavi, A. G., Stokes, M. B., Markowitz, G. S., & D'Agati, V. D. (2020). Kidney Biopsy Findings in Patients with COVID-19. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(9), 1959–1968. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020060802
Lazareth, H., Péré, H., Binois, Y., Chabannes, M., Schurder, J., Bruneau, T., Karras, A., Thervet, E., Rabant, M., Veyer, D., & Pallet, N. (2020). COVID-19-Related Collapsing Glomerulopathy in a Kidney Transplant Recipient. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 76(4), 590–594. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.06.009
Larsen, C. P., Bourne, T. D., Wilson, J. D., Saqqa, O., & Sharshir, M. A. (2020). Collapsing Glomerulopathy in a Patient With COVID-19. Kidney international reports, 5(6), 935–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.002
May, R. M., Cassol, C., Hannoudi, A., Larsen, C. P., Lerma, E. V., Haun, R. S., Braga, J. R., Hassen, S. I., Wilson, J., VanBeek, C., Vankalakunti, M., Barnum, L., Walker, P. D., Bourne, T. D., Messias, N. C., Ambruzs, J. M., Boils, C. L., Sharma, S. S., Cossey, L. N., Baxi, P. V., & Caza, T. N. (2021). A multi-center retrospective cohort study defines the spectrum of kidney pathology in Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19). Kidney international, 100(6), 1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.07.015
Moitinho, M. S., Belasco, A. G. D. S., Barbosa, D. A., & Fonseca, C. D. D. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury by SARS-CoV-2 virus in patients with COVID-19: an integrative review. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 73 Suppl 2, e20200354. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0354
Mokhtari, T., Hassani, F., Ghaffari, N., Ebrahimi, B., Yarahmadi, A., & Hassanzadeh, G. (2020). COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. Journal of molecular histology, 51(6), 613–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3
Na, K. R., Kim, H. R., Ham, Y., Choi, D. E., Lee, K. W., Moon, J. Y., Kim, Y. S., Cheon, S., Sohn, K. M., Kim, J., Kim, S., Jeong, H., & Jeon, J. W. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Damage in COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Korean medical science, 35(28), e257. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e257
Nasr, S. H., Alexander, M. P., Cornell, L. D., Herrera, L. H., Fidler, M. E., Said, S. M., Zhang, P., Larsen, C. P., & Sethi, S. (2021). Kidney Biopsy Findings in Patients With COVID-19, Kidney Injury, and Proteinuria. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 77(3), 465–468. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.002
Ng, J. J., Luo, Y., Phua, K., & Choong, A. M. T. L. (2020). Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. The Journal of infection, 81(4), 647–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.009
Pei, G., Zhang, Z., Peng, J., Liu, L., Zhang, C., Yu, C., Ma, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, W., Yao, Y., Zeng, R., & Xu, G. (2020). Renal Involvement and Early Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(6), 1157–1165. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020030276
Peleg, Y., Kudose, S., D'Agati, V., Siddall, E., Ahmad, S., Nickolas, T., Kisselev, S., Gharavi, A., & Canetta, P. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury Due to Collapsing Glomerulopathy Following COVID-19 Infection. Kidney international reports, 5(6), 940–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.017
Petrilli, C. M., Jones, S. A., Yang, J., Rajagopalan, H., O'Donnell, L., Chernyak, Y., Tobin, K. A., Cerfolio, R. J., Francois, F., & Horwitz, L. I. (2020). Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 369, m1966. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1966
Puelles, V. G., Lütgehetmann, M., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Sperhake, J. P., Wong, M. N., Allweiss, L., Chilla, S., Heinemann, A., Wanner, N., Liu, S., Braun, F., Lu, S., Pfefferle, S., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Gross, O., Glatzel, M., Wichmann, D., Wiech, T., Kluge, S., & Huber, T. B. (2020). Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2. The New England journal of medicine, 383(6), 590–592. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2011400
Raza, A., Estepa, A., Chan, V., & Jafar, M. S. (2020). Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients With a Focus on the Role of Renal Replacement Therapy: A Review of What We Know So Far. Cureus, 12(6), e8429. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8429
Reddy, R., Asante, I., Liu, S., Parikh, P., Liebler, J., Borok, Z., Rodgers, K., Baydur, A., & Louie, S. G. (2019). Circulating angiotensin peptides levels in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome correlate with clinical outcomes: A pilot study. PloS one, 14(3), e0213096. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213096
Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium, Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., Cohen, S. L., Cookingham, J., Coppa, K., Diefenbach, M. A., Dominello, A. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Falzon, L., Gitlin, J., Hajizadeh, N., Harvin, T. G., & Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA, 323(20), 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
Robbins-Juarez, S. Y., Qian, L., King, K. L., Stevens, J. S., Husain, S. A., Radhakrishnan, J., & Mohan, S. (2020). Outcomes for Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kidney international reports, 5(8), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.013
Sandhu, S., Chand, S., Bhatnagar, A., Dabas, R., Bhat, S., Kumar, H., & Dixit, P. K. (2021). Possible association between IgA vasculitis and COVID-19. Dermatologic therapy, 34(1), e14551. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14551
Rossi, G. M., Delsante, M., Pilato, F. P., Gnetti, L., Gabrielli, L., Rossini, G., Re, M. C., Cenacchi, G., Affanni, P., Colucci, M. E., Picetti, E., Rossi, S., Parenti, E., Maccari, C., Greco, P., Di Mario, F., Maggiore, U., Regolisti, G., & Fiaccadori, E. (2020). Kidney Biopsy Findings in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient With Dialysis-Dependent Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Against "SARS-CoV-2 Nephropathy". Kidney international reports, 5(7), 1100–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.05.005
Sang, L., Chen, S., Zheng, X., Guan, W., Zhang, Z., Liang, W., Zhong, M., Jiang, L., Pan, C., Zhang, W., Xia, J., Chen, N., Wu, W., Wu, H., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Liu, X., He, J., Li, S., Zhang, D., & Li, Y. (2020). The incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a retrospective study. BMC pulmonary medicine, 20(1), 290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-01305-5
Santoriello, D., Khairallah, P., Bomback, A. S., Xu, K., Kudose, S., Batal, I., Barasch, J., Radhakrishnan, J., D'Agati, V., & Markowitz, G. (2020). Postmortem Kidney Pathology Findings in Patients with COVID-19. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(9), 2158–2167. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050744
Schurink, B., Roos, E., Radonic, T., Barbe, E., Bouman, C. S. C., de Boer, H. H., de Bree, G. J., Bulle, E. B., Aronica, E. M., Florquin, S., Fronczek, J., Heunks, L. M. A., de Jong, M. D., Guo, L., du Long, R., Lutter, R., Molenaar, P. C. G., Neefjes-Borst, E. A., Niessen, H. W. M., van Noesel, C. J. M., & Bugiani, M. (2020). Viral presence and immunopathology in patients with lethal COVID-19: a prospective autopsy cohort study. The Lancet. Microbe, 1(7), e290–e299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30144-0
Serfozo, P., Wysocki, J., Gulua, G., Schulze, A., Ye, M., Liu, P., Jin, J., Bader, M., Myöhänen, T., García-Horsman, J. A., & Batlle, D. (2020). Ang II (Angiotensin II) Conversion to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-Dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-Independent. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex: 1979), 75(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14071
Sharma, P., Uppal, N. N., Wanchoo, R., Shah, H. H., Yang, Y., Parikh, R., Khanin, Y., Madireddy, V., Larsen, C. P., Jhaveri, K. D., Bijol, V., & Northwell Nephrology COVID-19 Research Consortium (2020). COVID-19-Associated Kidney Injury: A Case Series of Kidney Biopsy Findings. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(9), 1948–1958. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050699
Singh, B., Kaur, P., & Reid, R. R. (2020). Case Reports: Rhabdomyolysis Associated with COVID-19. American family physician, 102(11), 645–648.
Soleimani M. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Direct Effect of Virus on Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(9), 3275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093275
Su, H., Yang, M., Wan, C., Yi, L. X., Tang, F., Zhu, H. Y., Yi, F., Yang, H. C., Fogo, A. B., Nie, X., & Zhang, C. (2020). Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney international, 98(1), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003
Tan, S. W., Tam, Y. C., & Oh, C. C. (2021). Skin manifestations of COVID-19: A worldwide review. JAAD international, 2, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2020.12.003
Vodopick, H., Chaskes, S. J., Solomon, A., & Stewart, J. A. (1974). Transient monoclonal gammopathy associated with cytomegalovirus infection. Blood, 44(2), 189–195.
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA, 323(13), 1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Xia, P., Wen, Y., Duan, Y., Su, H., Cao, W., Xiao, M., Ma, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, G., Jiang, W., Wu, H., Hu, Y., Xu, S., Cai, H., Liu, Z., Zhou, X., Du, B., Wang, J., Li, T., Yan, X., & Li, X. (2020). Clinicopathological Features and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill COVID-19 with Prolonged Disease Course: A Retrospective Cohort. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 31(9), 2205–2221. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020040426
Young, B. E., Ong, S. W. X., Kalimuddin, S., Low, J. G., Tan, S. Y., Loh, J., Ng, O. T., Marimuthu, K., Ang, L. W., Mak, T. M., Lau, S. K., Anderson, D. E., Chan, K. S., Tan, T. Y., Ng, T. Y., Cui, L., Said, Z., Kurupatham, L., Chen, M. I., Chan, M., & Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team (2020). Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA, 323(15), 1488–1494. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204
Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. (2020). Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, 14(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Lillian Batista Terceros; Marta Driemeier
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.