COVID-19: Immunopathology and tissue

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i3.40491

Keywords:

SARS-CoV-2; Variants; Cytokine storm; Comorbidity; Vaccines.

Abstract

In the last year, all nations have been experiencing the advance of the viral pandemic caused by the new coronavirus. In this way, the researchers began an intense search for clear and correct information, in order to find a way to contain its advance. The present research project aims to synthesize the main points about SARS-CoV-2, its immunopathological mechanisms and host aggression, through data collection based on recent publications. Through the literature review, it was concluded that, after host infection, tissue damage in several organs can lead to acute injuries and sequelae after pathogen elimination. Finally, the relationship between the vaccine and the reduction of complications from the disease was seen.

References

Accorsi, D. X., et al (2020). COVID-19 e o Sistema Nervoso Central. Ulakes Journal Med, 81-87.

Almeida, J. O. de, et al (2020). COVID-19: Fisiopatologia e Alvos para Intervenção Terapêutica. Revista Virtual de Química, 12(6), 1-34. Alzahrani,A. S., et al (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 Viral Infection on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Endocrine Practice, 27(2), 83-89.

Amruta, N., et al (2020). SARS-CoV-2 mediated neuroinflammation and the impact of COVID-19 in neurological disorders. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 58, 1-15.

Bee, G. R., et al (2022). Vacinas contra COVID-19 disponíveis no Brasil / Vaccines against COVID-19 available in Brazil. Brazilian Journal Of Development, 8(1), 6246-6263.

Bhaskar, S., et al (2020). Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: the reprogram consortium position paper. Frontiers In Immunology, 11, 1-16.

Bonjorno, L. P., et al (2020). Imunopatologia induzida por COVID-19: avaliação da resposta imune inata e adaptativa. Revista Paulista de Reumatologia, 19(3), 6-11.

Boopathi, S., Poma, A. B., & Kolandaivel, P. (2020). Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. Journal Of Biomolecular Structure And Dynamics, 1-10.

Bragatto, M. G., et al (2021). Estudo das sequelas neuroanatômicas associadas à Síndrome Pós-COVID-19. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde, 13(12), 1-7.

Brasil. (2023). Vacinas – Covid-19. https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/paf/coronavirus/vacinas. Ministério da Saúde. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – Anvisa.

Brito, S. B. P., & Takenami, I. (2020). Immunopathological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 56, 1-10.

Campos, K. R., Sacchi, C. T., Abbud, A., & Caterino-de-Araujo, A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 variants in severely symptomatic and deceased persons who had been vaccinated against COVID-19 in São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 45, 1-5.

Carmo, A. C. Silva do (2121) Atuação Fisioterapêutica Nas Alterações Neurológicas Causadas Pela Covid- 19: um estudo com ênfase na Síndrome de Guillain-Barré. Monografia (Especialização) - Curso de Fisioterapia, Centro Universitário Ages, Paripiranga.

Coelho-Filho, O. R., Pinto, I. M., & Vieira, M. L. C. (2020). Imagem Cardiovascular Na Covid-19. Revista da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo, 30(4), 490-497.

Conti, P., et al (2021), The British variant of the new coronavirus-19 (Sars-Cov-2) should not create a vaccine problem. Journal Of Biological Regulators And Homeostatic Agents, 35(1), 1-4.

Cordeiro, A. M., de Oliveira, G. M., Rentería, J. M., & Guimarães, C. A. (2007). Revisão sistemática: uma revisão narrativa. Ver. Col. Bras. Cir. 34 (6). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912007000600012.

Coronavirus World Map: Tracking the Global Outbreak.The New York Times, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-cases.html.

Dhama, K., Khan, S., Tiwari, R., Sircar, S., Bhat, S., Malik, Y. S., Singh, K. P., Chaicumpa, W., Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33(4), 1-48.

Dhawan, M., Priyanka, & Choudhary, O. P. (2022). Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: reasons of emergence and lessons learnt. International Journal Of Surgery, 97, 106198-106199.

Dias, V. M. de C. H., et al (2020). Testes Sorológicos para COVID-19: Interpretação e Aplicações Práticas. Journal Of Infection Control, 90-101.

Ejaz, H., Alsrhani, A., Zafar, A., Javed, H., Junaid, K., Abdalla, A. E., Abosalif, K. O.A., Ahmed, Z., & Younas, S. (2020) COVID-19 and comorbidities: deleterious impact on infected patients. Journal Of Infection And Public Health, 13(12), 1833-1839.

Elkind, M. S. V., Cucchiara, B. L., & Koralnik, I. J. (2022). COVID-19: Neurologic complications and management of neurologic conditions. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-neurologic-complications-and-management-of-neurologic- conditions?search=memory%20and%20Coronavirus%20infection&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4#H3110 767570.

Enguix, D. M., et al (2021). PCR para COVID-19 positiva, luego negativa y otra vez positiva ¿Reinfección a los 55 días? Medicina de Familia. Semergen, 47(3), 207-208.

Freitas, A. R. R., et al (2021). A emergência da nova variante P.1 do SARS-CoV-2 no Amazonas (Brasil) foi temporalmente associada a uma mudança no perfil da mortalidade devido a COVID-19, segundo sexo e idade. Scielo Preprints. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/scielopreprints.2030.

Gouvea, M. da P. G., et al (2022). Reatividade Vacinal E Duração De Resposta Imune Da Coronavac E Astrazeneca Em Uma

Coorte De Trabalhadores. The Brazilian Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 26, 101713.

Harapan, B. N., & Yoo, H. J. (2021). Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Journal Of Neurology, 268, 3059-3071.

Harrison, A. G., Lin, T., & Wang, P. (2020). Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis. Trends In Immunology, 41(12), 1100-1115. He, X., et al (2021). SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant: characteristics and prevention. Medcomm, 2(4), 838-845.

Hemmer, C. J., Lobermann, M., & Reisinger, E. C. (2021). COVID-19: epidemiologie und mutationen. Der Radiologe, 61(10), 880-887.

Hitchings, M. D. T., Ranzani, O. T., Dorion, M., D’agostini, T. L., Paula, R. C. de, Paula, O. F. P. de, Vilela, E. F. de M., Torres, M. S. S., Oliveira, S. B. de, & Schulz, W. (2021) Effectiveness of ChAdOx1 vaccine in older adults during SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant circulation in São Paulo. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1-8.

Hu, B., Huang, S., & Yin, L. (2020). The cytokine storm and COVID‐19. Journal Of Medical Virology, 93, (1), 250-256.

Kempuraj, D., et al (2020). COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation. The Neuroscientist, 26(5-6), 402-414. Knoll, M. D., Wonodi, C. (2021). Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. The Lancet, 397(10269), 72-74.

Lauring, A. S., & Hodcroft, E. B. (2021). Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2—What Do They Mean? Jama, 325(6), 529.

Leónromán, J., et al (2021). Glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria asociada a infección por COVID-19. Nefrología, 41(6), 706-708. Li, F. (2016). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Annual Review Of Virology, 3(1), 237-261.

Li, Y., Zhou, W., Yang, L., & You, R. (2020). Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Pharmacological Research, 157, 104833.

Linconl, B., et al (2021). Variantes de atenção e/ou preocupação por sequenciamento genômico do COVID-19 no Brasil. REVISA (Online).

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-1354127.

Lisco, G., et al (2021). COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: a comprehensive review on the theme. Journal Of Clinical Medicine, 10(13), 2920.

Maciel, E., Fernandez, M., Calife, K., Garrett, D., Domingues, C., Kerr, L., & Dalcolmo, M. (2022). A campanha de vacinação contra o SARS-CoV-2 no Brasil e a invisibilidade das evidências científicas. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 27(3), 951-956.

Mazza, M. G., et al (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, And Immunity, 89, 594-600.

Mittal, A., Manjunath, K., Ranjan, R. K., Kaushik, S., Kumar, S., & Verma, V. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: insights into structure, function, and hace2 receptor recognition by sars-cov-2. Plos Pathogens, 16(8), 1-19.

Mohapatra, R. K., et al (2022). Omicron (B.1.1.529 variant of SARS‐CoV‐2); an emerging threat: current global scenario. Journal Of Medical Virology, 94(5), 1780-1783.

Moona, A.A., et al (2021). Bangladesh reported delta variant of coronavirus among its citizen: actionable items to tackle the potential massive third wave.

Infection Prevention In Practice, 3(3), 100159-100160.

Fiocruz, Observatório Covid-19. https://portal.fiocruz.br/observatorio-covid-19.

Oliveira, A. M., et al (2021). Mecanismo De Ação Das Vacinas Utilizadas Para A Covid-19 Atualmente Como Uso Emergencial No Brasil. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, 7(11), 1087-1106.

Oliveira, L. N., et al (2022). Avaliação da eficácia e segurança das principais vacinas utilizadas contra COVID-19 no Brasil / Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the main vaccines used against COVID-19 in Brazil. Brazilian Journal Of Development, 8(4), 31753-31767.

Oliveira, R. de C. S., et al (2022). Desenvolvimento de vacinas contra a COVID-19: uma revisão de literatura / development of vaccines against covid-19. Brazilian Journal Of Health Review, 5(1), 3473-3492.

Pal, R. (2020). COVID-19, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical implications. Endocrine, 68(2), 251-252.

Pecly, I. M. D., et al (2021). A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. Brazilian Journal Of Nephrology, 43(4), 551-571.

Pérez-Abeledo, M., & Moreno, J. C. S. (2021). Variantes de SARS-CoV-2, una historia todavía inacabada. Vacunas, 22(3), 173-179.

Rehman, S. U., Shafique, L., Ihsan, A., & nLiu, Q. (2020) Evolutionary Trajectory for the Emergence of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens, 9(3), 240- 252.

Ritchie, H., et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations.

Sales, P. H., Hery, S. K., & Besson, J. C. F. Aspectos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na sintomatologia da COVID-19 e suas consequências: uma revisão bibliográfica de literatura. Research, Society and Development, 11(13), e238111335441, 2022. <https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/35441>. Acesso em: 20/2/2023.

Santos, A. A. R., Pula, K. K. O., Marasco, B. F. D., & Castilho, D. G. (2021) Diferentes aspectos da resposta imunológica na COVID-19. Research, Society And Development, 10(14), 1-8.

Santos, C. A., et al (2021). SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Northeast Brazil: timing of emergence of the brazilian variant of concern p1. Journal Of Travel Medicine, 28(7), 1-3.

Saraiva, B. S., & Vieira, T. dos S. (2021). Relato de experiência: nefropatia por covid-19 na residência de clínica médica / experience report. Brazilian Journal Of Development, 7(11), 103279-103289.

Shiehzadegan, S., et al (2021). Analysis of the Delta Variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19. Clinics And Practice, 11(4), 778-784.

Silva, C. A., Freitas, A. F. S., Martins, B. B., Sá, E. de J., Silva, G. H. D. da, Barros, L. A. de O., Falcão, S. O., & Koike, B. del V. (2021). Imunopatogênese No Desenvolvimento Da Covid-19. Revista Saúde & Ciência Online, 9(1), 85-102.

Silva, D. P., Santos, I. M. R., & Melo, V. dos S. (2020). Aspectos da infecção ocasionada pelo Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS- CoV-2). Brazilian Journal Of Health Review, 3(2), 3763-3779.

Stawicki, S. P., Papadimos, T. J., Soghoian, S., Nanayakkara, P., Singh, S., Miller, A., Saddikuti, V., Jayatilleke, A. U., Dubhashi, S. P., Firstenberg, M., Dutta, V., Chauhan, V., Sharma, P., Galwankar, S. C., Garg, M., Taylor, N., & Stawicki, S. P. (2020). COVID-19 blind spots: a consensus statement on the importance of competent political leadership and the need for public health cognizance. Journal Of Global Infectious Diseases, 12(4), 167-190.

Sun, X., et al (2020). Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 53, 38-42.

Teixeira, L. C. S. (2021). Comparação das vacinas Coronavac e Astrazeneca aprovadas para uso emergencial no Brasil. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Biomedicina) - Fundação Educacional Vale do São Francisco – FEVASF-MG. http://repositorio.fevasf.edu.br/jspui/handle/FEVASF/65

Tsatsakis, A., et al (2020). SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its clinical implications: an integrative overview of the pharmacotherapeutic management of covid-19. Food And Chemical Toxicology, 146, 1-18.

Vieira, L. M. F., Emery, E., & Andriolo, A. (2020) COVID-19: laboratory diagnosis for clinicians. an updating article. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 138(3), 259- 266.

Vilela Filho, A. de S., Bianchetti, B. M., Peixer, C. M., Cordón, M. S., Rocha, M. de O. F., & Vasconcelos, V. C. R. (2022). Vacinas para Covid-19: uma revisão de literatura / covid-19 vaccines. Brazilian Journal Of Development, 8(1), 1880-1901.

Wang, J., Jiang, M., Chen, X., & Montaner, L. J. (2020). Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: review of 3939 covid⠰19 patients in china and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts. Journal Of Leukocyte Biology, 108(1), 17-41.

Whittaker, A., Anson, M., & Harky, A. (2020). Neurological Manifestations of COVID‐19: a systematic review and current update. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 142(1), 14-22.

Zucman, N., et al (2021). Severe Reinfection With South African Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variant 501Y.V2.

Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(10), 945-1946.

Published

27/02/2023

How to Cite

KLINKONSKY, F. V. .; VIEIRA, A. B. .; BESSON, J. C. F. . COVID-19: Immunopathology and tissue . Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. e10112340491, 2023. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v12i3.40491. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/40491. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

Health Sciences