Brain death as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection: An integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i11.47256Keywords:
Brain death; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2.Abstract
Introduction: It is well known that coronaviruses (CoVs) generally exhibit neurotropic properties and, therefore, can result in neurological and neuropathic conditions. For this, there are several potential mechanisms, which can even cause brain death in the patient. Establishing brain damage of irreversible cause follows a protocol that may vary according to the country, usually consisting of two clinical examinations, an apnea test and a complementary examination. Thus, brain death has been reported in some studies in association with COVID-19. The objective of this review is to analyze the evidence on the correlation between COVID-19 infection and brain death. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review that used the PubMed and LiLaCS databases, from 2019 to 2023 to search for articles with the following descriptors: “Brain death; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2” in Portuguese, English and Spanish. These terms were combined using the Boolean operators OR and three years of publication (from 2019 to 2023). Results and Discussion: Fourteen articles were selected for analysis in this work and among these, the main findings and associations between brain death and COVID-19 could be discussed according to the literature. Conclusion: Therefore, although brain death is present in many outcomes after infection by SARS-CoV-2, it is still not very prevalent and difficult to study, since patients evolve due to multiple causes, in an acute manner, making it impossible to perform more clinical and laboratory tests, requiring more studies on the subject.
References
Alves, V. de P. V. et al. (2021). Computed tomography features of cerebrovascular complications in intensive care unit patients with severe COVID-19. Radiologia brasileira, 54(5), 283–288, 2021.
Anima. (2014). Manual revisão bibliográfica sistemática integrativa: a pesquisa baseada em evidências. Grupo Anima. https://biblioteca.cofen.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/manual_revisao_bibliografica-sistematica-integrativa.pdf
Aria, A. et al. (2020). COVID-19 with neurological symptoms, rhabdomyolysis and brain death: a case report. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 9(5), 114, 2020.
Atzrodt, C. L. et al. (2020). A Guide to COVID‐19: a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2. The Febs Journal, 287(17), 3633, 1 set. 2020.
Camargo-Martínez, W. et al. (2021). Post-COVID 19 neurological syndrome: Implications for sequelae’s treatment. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 88, 219, 1 jun. 2021.
Collantes, M. E. V. et al. (2021). Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 48(1), 66–76, 1 jan. 2021.
Crossetti, M. G. M. (2012). Revisión integradora de la investigación en enfermería el rigor científico que se le exige. Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 33(2): 8-9.
Ellul, M. A. et al. (2020). Neurological associations of COVID-19. The Lancet. Neurology, 19(9), 767–783, 1 set. 2020.
El-Sahly, H. M. et al. (2000). Spectrum of clinical illness in hospitalized patients with “common cold” virus infections. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 31(1), 96–100, 2000.
Fehr, A. R.; & Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols, 1282, 1–23, 26 fev. 2015.
Gupta, A. et al. (2020). Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature Medicine 2020 26:7, 26(7), 1017–1032, 10 jul. 2020.
Haji Esmaeil Memar, E. et al. (2020). Fulminant hepatic failure: A rare and devastating manifestation of Coronavirus disease 2019 in an 11-year-old boy. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 27(8), 502– 505, 1 nov. 2020.
Hallal-Peche, F. et al. (2020). [Utility and prognosis value of the electroencephalogram in COVID-19 and encephalopathy: electroencephalographic patterns in a case series]. Revista de neurologia, 71(12), 431–437, 1 dez. 2020.
Holmes, B. B. et al. (2022). Hyper-Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy-Like Syndrome in Early Pregnancy. The Neurohospitalist, 12(1), 90–95, 1 jan. 2022.
Kanğin, M. et al. (2022). Brain death in a child as a result of COVID-19-associated acute stroke: The first case. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 58(1), 170– 172, 1 jan. 2022.
Klein, R. S.; Garber, C.; & Howard, N. (2017). Infectious immunity in the central nervous system and brain function. Nature immunology, 18(2), 132–141, 1 fev. 2017.
Koyuncu, O. O.; Hogue, I. B.; & Enquist, L. W. (2013). Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell host & microbe, 13(4), 379–393, 17 abr. 2013.
Kupferschmidt, K.; & Cohen, J. (2020). Can China’s COVID-19 strategy work elsewhere? Science (New York, N.Y.), 367(6482), 1061–1062, 6 mar. 2020.
Liotta, E. M. et al. (2020). Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy- associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 7(11), 2221–2230, 1 nov. 2020.
Lu, R. et al. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565–574, 22 fev. 2020.
Mattos, P. C. (2015). Tipos de revisão de literatura. Unesp, 1-9. https://www.fca.unesp.br/Home/Biblioteca/tipos-de-evisao-de-literatura.pdf.
Medronho, R., & Bloch, K. V. (2008). Epidemiologia (2nd ed.). Atheneu.
Mierzewska-Schmidt, M. et al. (2022). The case of fatal acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis in a two-month-old boy with Covid-19. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 116, 151–153, 1 mar. 2022.
Pereira, A. S. et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [free ebook]. Santa Maria: ed. UFSM.
Phelan, A. L.; Katz, R.; & Gostin, L. O. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance. JAMA, 323(8), 709– 710, 25 fev. 2020.
Pontes, L. et al. (2021). Clinical profile and factors associated with the death of COVID-19 patients in the first months of the pandemic. Escola Anna Nery, 26, 2022, 15 out. 2021.
Salahuddin, H. et al. (2020). Neurological Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Frontiers in neurology, v. 11, 30 out. 2020.
Scheer, M. et al. (2022). Case report of a fulminant non-aneurysmal convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage after COVID-19. Interdisciplinary neurosurgery : Advanced techniques and case management, v. 27, 1 mar. 2022.
Spinello, I. M. (2015). Brain Death Determination. Journal of intensive care medicine, 30(6), 326–337, 19 set. 2015.
Taylor, L. D.; Ameen, O. S.; Zaharie, S. D. (2021). Complete Clinicopathological Case Report of a Young Patient Dying of COVID-19-Related Stroke. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology, 42(2), 160–163, 1 jun. 2021.
Torres-Fernández, O. et al. (2018). Ingreso del Virus de la Rabia en el Bulbo Olfatorio de Ratones y Efecto de la Infección en Marcadores Celulares de Neuronas y Astrocitos. International Journal of Morphology, 36(2), 670–676, 1 jun. 2018. Videla, C. G. et al. Brain death due to neuroaspergillosis in a patient with
COVID-19. (2022). Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, set. 2022.
Wallace, L. A. et al. (2022). Diabetic ketoacidosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and fulminant cerebral oedema in COVID-19 infection complicated by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. BMJ Case Reports, 15(4), 248046, 4 abr. 2022.
Watchmaker, J. M.; & Belani, P. B. (2022). Brain death in a vaccinated patient with COVID-19 infection. Clinical imaging, 81, 92–95, 1 jan. 2022.
Zanin, L. et al. (2023). Delayed onset of fatal encephalitis in a COVID-19 positive patient. The International journal of neuroscience, 133(1), 77–80, 2023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sofia Vieira Neves; Solange da Silva Malfacini; Daniel Antunes Pereira; Amanda Pessoa Parente; Hanna Younes de Farias; Cristinne Alves Pereira ; Nicole Innecco Machado ; Priscila Marino Pereira ; Andreza de Lima Moura ; Yan Fidelis Santos de Lima
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
