PPE and healthcare workers safety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A brief reflection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16809Keywords:
PPE; Healthcare Workers; Safety at Work; COVID-19.Abstract
The current pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, has represented one of the most serious public health problems in the world of all time. To cope with COVID-19, several reforms and adaptations in the health sector were necessary to face this disease with high contagion power and with such high numbers of lethalities. The objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographic survey to study how the use of PPE for the safety of health professionals and workers in the pandemic period of COVID-19. One of the main impositions of this new reality was the increased demand for care in health establishments, thus increasing the risk for health professionals and workers to develop infectious diseases such as COVID-19, when compared to the general population, due to greater chance of exposure to viral load during the work period. In diseases such as COVID-19, in addition to droplet transmission and contact, there is exposure to aerosol-generating procedures during care for these patients, and health professionals can act as potential asymptomatic transmitters, infecting other patients, professionals and family members. In this context, personal protective equipment is an effective tool for preventing infection and reducing contagion by COVID-19.
References
Anvisa - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Serviços de Saúde. http://www.anvisa.gov.br/servicosaude/ organiza/index.htm.
Anvisa a .Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Nota Técnica GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA nº 04/2020. (2020). Orientações para serviços de saúde: medidas de prevenção e controle que devem ser adotadas durante a assistência aos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de infecção pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). <http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documen ts/33852/271858/Nota+T%C3%A9cnica+n+04-2020+G VIMS-GGTES-ANVISA-ATUALIZADA/ab598660-3de4-4f 14-8e6f-b9341c196b28>.
Anvisa b. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Nota Técnica GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA Nº 07/2020. (2020). Orientações para a Prevenção da Transmissão de Covid-19 dentro dos Serviços de Saúde. 08.05.2020 (Complementar À Nota Técnica Gvims/Ggtes/Anvisa Nº 04/2020). <http://portal.anvisa.gov. br/documents/33852/271858/NOTA+T%C3%89CNICA+-GIMS-GGTES-ANVISA+N%C2%BA+07-2020/f487f506 -1eba-451f-bccd-06b8f1b0fed6>.
Bettini, N. M. M., Ramos, F..T & Almeida, P. M. V. (2020). Recomendações de equipamentos de proteção individual no combate ao COVID -19. São Paulo: Rev Recien. 10(31):87-95.
Brasil. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Senado Federal: Centro Gráfico, 1988.
Brasil. Lei nº 8.080, de 19 de setembro de 1990. (1990). Lei Orgânica da Saúde.
Brasil. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego-MTE. Norma Regulamentadora 32 (NR 32) (2005). Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, <https://www.gov.br/trabalho/pt-br/inspecao/seguranca-e-saude-no-trabalho/normas-regulamentadoras/nr-32.pdf/view>
Brito, B. M. F.; Sousa, A. M.; Alencar, K. C.; Martins, R. M.; Azevedo, R. L. F. & Araújo, J. M. N. (2021). A pandemia do COVID-19 e um novo problema de saúde pública: Os impactos emocionais em profissionais de saúde. Research, Society and Development, 10(6), E11610615516.
CCAES. Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias Ministerio de Sanidad. Gobierno de España. Documento Tecnico. Medidas higiénicas para la prevención de contágios de COVID-19. 2020. <https://www.mscbs.gob. es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos.htm>.
CCDC. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020) China CDC Weekly. Guidelines for Personal Protection of Specific Groups from COVID-19. 2(19):341-343. <http://weekly.chinacd c.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2020.087>.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020)Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) When Caring for Patients with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19. EUA. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavir us%2Findex.html
Chan, J. F., Kok, K. H., Zhu, Z., Chu, H., To, K. K., Yuan, S., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerging microbes & infections, 9(1), 221–236.
ECDC. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). ECDC Technical Report. Infection prevention and control and preparedness for COVID-19 in healthcare settings. <https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/i nfection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-co vid-19-healthcare-settings>
Estrela, C. (2018). Metodologia Científica: Ciência, Ensino, Pesquisa. (3a. ed.), Artes Medicas, 725.
Gawande, A. (2020) Keeping the Coronavirus from Infecting Health-Care Workers. The New Yorker.
Holland, M., Zaloga, D. J., & Friderici, C. S. (2020).COVID-19: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for the emergency physician. Vis J Emerg Med. 19:100740.
Honda, H. & Kentaro, I. (2016) Personal Protective Equipment and Improving Compliance Among Healthcare Workers in High-Risk Settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29(4):400-6.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X.,Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J.,Wei, Y.,Wu, W., Xie, X.,Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M. & Cao, Bin. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 395. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
INAIL. Istituto Nazionale Per L’assicurazione Contro Gli Infortuni Sul Lavoro. (2020). Ministero della Salute. Direzione Generale Della Prevenzione Sanitaria Ufficio 5 Prevenzione Delle Malattie Trasmissibili E Profilassi Internazionale. Interim indications for rational use of protections for infection with SARS-CoV-2 in health and socio-health activities (assistance to subjects affected by COVID-19) in the current SARS-COV-2 emergency scenario - updated to <http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it /norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2020&codLeg=73770&parte=1%20&serie=null>.
Koh, D. (2020).Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection. Occup Med (Lond); 70(1):3-5.
Lipsitch, M., Swerdlow, D. L., & Finelli, L. (2020). Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19 - Studies Needed. The New England journal of medicine, 382(13), 1194–1196.
Ministério da Saúde -MS. (2020) Recomendações de proteção aos trabalhadores dos serviços de saúde no atendimento de COVID-19 e outras síndromes gripais. Brasília 2020.
Ministério do Trabalho-MTB. NR 6 Equipamentos de proteção individual [Internet]. Brasilia: MTB; 2020. < http://trabalho.gov.br/seguranca-e-saude-no-trabalho/normatizacao/normas-regulamentadoras.>
Organização Internacional do Trabalho - OIT. Convenção 155. (1981). <http://www.conjur.com.br/dl/convencao- oit-155.pdf>. <http://www.conjur.com.br/dl/convencao- oit-155.pdf>.
Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde – OPAS- Brasil. OMS afirma que COVID-19 é agora caracterizada como pandemia. <https://www.paho.org/bra/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6120:oms-afirma-que-covid-19-e-agora-caracterizada-como-pandemia&Itemid=81 2>.
PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO)/World Health Organization (WHO), (2020).COVID-19 has infected some 570.000 health workers and killed 2500 in the Americas.2020.
Ran, L., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Zhang, L. & Tan, X. (2020). Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Designated Hospital of Wuhan in China. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(16), 2218–2221.
Teixeira, C. F. S., Soares, C. M, Souza, E. A, Lisboa, E. S, Pinto, I. C. M, Andrade, L. R. & Espiridião, M. A (2020). A saúde dos profissionais de saúde no enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva [online]. 25(9): 3465-3474.
Van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., de Wit, E. & Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England journal of medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567.
WHO. World Health Organization. (2020). IHR procedures concerning public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC). <http://www.who.int /ihr/procedures/pheic/en/>.
WHOa. (2020). World Health Organization Keep health workers safe to keep patients safe: WHO-Geneva.
WHOb. (2020).World Health Organization. Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Interim guidance, World Health Organization; 2020. https:// apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331215/WHO-2019-nCov-IPCPPE_use-2020.1-eng. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
World O’ Meters - Brasil. 2020. <https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/brazil/>.
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T. & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229.
Yan, Y., Chen, H., Chen, L., Cheng, B., Diao, P., Dong, L., Gao, X., Gu, H., He, L., Ji, C., Jin, H., Lai, W., Lei, T., Li, L., Li, L., Li, R., Liu, D., Liu, W., Lu, Q., Shi, Y., & Li, H. (2020). Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatologic therapy, 33(4), e13310.
Zhang, Z., Yao, W., Wang, Y., Long, C. & Fu, X. (2020). Wuhan and Hubei COVID-19 mortality analysis reveals the critical role of timely supply of medical resources. The Journal of infection, 81(1), 147–178.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Fábio José Soares Cavalcante; Ianny Raquel Dantas Nascimento; Regina Márcia Soares Cavalcante
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.