The huge cost of obesity for Brazilian public health: A brief literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18276Keywords:
Obesity; Non-communicable diseases; SUS; Public policy; Costs.Abstract
Introduction: obesity, a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD), considered the most important nutritional disorder in developing and developed countries, due to its increased incidence, is a pathology that is often associated due to its high risk factor, to the possibility of corroborating other metabolic and systemic comorbidities, such as primary hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. Objective: to relate obesity to other comorbidities, as well as the cost of this disease for public health in Brazil. Methodology: this is a brief literature review. The research was carried out through online access in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed MEDLINE), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library (VHL) and EBSCO Information Services databases, from April to June of 2021. Results: chronic conditions such as kidney disease, osteoarthritis, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, systolic arterial hypertension (SAH) and, most importantly, coronary artery disease, are directly related with functional disability and obesity Conclusion: it is well known that the pathophysiology of obesity corroborates later comorbidities, such as SAH, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders and dyslipidemia. Allied to this, CNCDs represent a great burden for the public health system in Brazil, given that they are one of the main causes of death and illness in the population, and, in this sense, due to their direct negative effects on health, added to the indirect effects resulting from associated chronic diseases, obesity represents a double burden on health systems.
References
Anjos, L. A. (2006). Obesidade e saúde pública. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 1-101.
Blake, J., Devereux, R. B., Borer, J. S., Szulc, M., Pappas, T. W. & Laragh, J. H. (1990). Relation of obesity, high sodium intake, and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy to left ventricular exercise dysfunction in essential hypertension. The American Journal of Medicine, 88 (5), v. 88, 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(90)90426-E
Costa, A. F., Flor, L. S., Campos, M. R., Oliveira, A. F., Costa, M. F. S., Silva, R. S., Lobato, L. C. P. & Schramm, J. M, A. (2017). Carga do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 33 (2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00197915
Felber, J. P. & Golay, A. (1995). Regulation of nutrient metabolism and energy expenditure. Metabolism. 44 (2), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(95)90201-5
Frederiksen, H. (1969). Feedbacks in economic and demographic transition. Science. 166 (3907), 837-847. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3907.837
Freitas, E. V. & Py, L. (2018). Tratado de geriatria e gerontologia. 4. ed., Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1638.
Ghosh, A., Bose, K. & Chaudhuri, A. B. D. (2003). Association of food patterns, central obesity measures and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle aged Bengalee Hindu men, Calcutta, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 12 (2), 166-171.
Gouvea, H. R., Faria, S. L., Faria, O. P., Cardeal, M. A., Bezerra, A. & Ito, M. K. (2013). Validação da ultrassonografia para a avaliação da gordura abdominal visceral em obesos clinicamente graves. Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig. 26 (1), 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-67202013000600010
Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L. & Anis, A. H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 88 (9). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-88
Haffner, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Mitchell, B. D., Morales, P. A. & Stern, M. P. (1992). Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes. 41 (6), 715-722. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.41.6.715
Hegarty, B. D., Cooney, G. J., Kraegen, E. W. & Furler, S. M. (2002). Increased efficiency of fatty acid uptake contributes to lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle of high fat-fed insulin-resistant rats. Diabetes. 51 (5), 1477-1484. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1477
Kjeldsen, S. E., Dahlof, B., Devereux, R. B., Julius, S., Aurup, P., Edelman, J., Beevers, G., Faire, U., Fyhrquist, F., Ibsen, H., Kristianson, K., Pedersen, O. L., Lindholm, L. H., Nieminen, M. S., Omvik, P., Oparil, S., Snapinn, S. & Wedel, H. (2002). Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. Jama. 288 (12), 1491-1498. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.12.1491
Koeppen, B. M. & Stanton, B. A. (2020). Berne e Levy - Fisiologia. 7. ed., Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara Koogan Ltda., 829.
Laurenti, R. (1990). Transição demográfica e transição epidemiológica. Anais do I Congresso Brasileiro de Epidemiologia, 143-165.
Marques-Lopes, I., Marti, A., Aliaga, M. J. M. & Martínez, A. (2004). Aspectos genéticos da obesidade. Revista de Nutrição. 17 (3), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732004000300006
McNamara, D. J. & Howell, W. H. (1992). Epidemiologic data linking diet to hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis. Seminars in liver disease by Thieme Medical Publishers. 12 (4), 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040404
Monteiro, C. A. & Conde, W. L. (1999). A tendência secular da obesidade segundo estratos sociais: nordeste e sudeste do Brasil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 43 (3), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27301999000300004
Marie, N. G, Fleming, T, Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N. & Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 384 (9945), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
Nilson, E. A. F., Andrade, R. C. S., Brito, D. A. & Oliveira, M. L. (2019). Custos atribuíveis à obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, 2018. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica. 44 (32), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.32
Oliveira, M. L., Santos, L. M. P. & Silva, E. N. (2014). Bases metodológicas para estudos de custos da doença no Brasil. Rev Nutr. 27 (5), 585-595. https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-52732014000500007
Pereira, L. O., Francischi, R. P. & Júnior, A. H. L. (2003). Obesidade: hábitos nutricionais, sedentarismo e resistência à insulina. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 47 (2), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302003000200003
Pinheiro, A. R. O., Freitas, S. F. T. & Corso, A. C. T. (2004). Uma abordagem epidemiológica da obesidade. Revista Nutrição, 17 (4), 523-533. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732004000400012
Popkin, B. M. & Bisgrove, E. Z. (1998). Urbanization and nutrition in lownincome countries. Food Nutr Bull. 10 (1), 3-23.
Ribeiro, S. M. L., Lima, S. M. & Melo. C. M. (2018). Avaliação nutricional: teoria e prática. 2. ed., Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 340.
Rosa, E. C., Zanella, M. T., Ribeiro, A. B. & Kohlmann, O. J. (2005). Obesidade visceral, hipertensão arterial e risco cárdio-renal: uma revisão. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 49 (2), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302005000200005
Sichieri, R., Coitinho, D. C., Pereira, R. A., Marins, V. M. R. & Moura, A. S. (1997). Variações temporais do estado nutricional e do consumo alimentar no Brasil. Revista de Saúde Coletiva. 7 (2), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73311997000200003
Siqueira, A. S. E., Filho, A. G. S. & Land, M. G. P. (2017). Análise do impacto econômico das doenças cardiovasculares nos últimos cinco anos no Brasil. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 109 (1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170068
Souza, R. G. M., Gomes, A. C., Prado, C. M. M. & Mota, J. F. (2014). Métodos de análise da composição corporal em adultos obesos. Revista de Nutrição. 27 (5), 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1590/1415-52732014000500006
Wanderley, E. N. & Ferreira, V. A. (2010). Obesidade: uma perspectiva plural. Ciência Saúde Coletiva. 15 (1), 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000100024
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Bárbara Queiroz de Figueiredo; Bárbara Oliveira Vasconcelos Souto; Caio Flávio Reis Nogueira; Iorrane Tavares da Silva; Letícia Beatriz Rodrigues Bernardes; Maria Luísa Alves Peres; Rúbia Carla Oliveira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
