Acute poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides: an integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31606Keywords:
Cholinesterases; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Insecticide; Pesticides; Poisoning.Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides can cause intoxication in exposed individuals. The objective of this work was to carry out an integrative review on acute human intoxication by organophosphate pesticides. The search for scientific articles was carried out in the CAPES Journals Portal and in the Scopus database using the combination of the descriptors “organophosphates”, “cholinesterase” and “acute intoxication” interrelated by the Boolean localizer “AND”. Works in English and Portuguese, published between 2016 and 2021 were considered. 146 articles were identified and after reading the title and abstract, 26 potentially eligible articles were selected, which were read in full, observing if, in fact, they met the criteria settled down. After reading, 19 articles were selected to compose the review. Studies report the importance of measuring cholinesterases in the assessment of acute poisoning by organophosphate pesticides, however, most perform the dosage without the basal value of these enzymes. Although the Ellman method is the most common form of quantification, there are many methodological variations. Thus, it is essential to study new markers for acute intoxication and to optimize existing methodologies. The symptoms that affect individuals are nonspecific and may be related to the specific active ingredient of each organophosphate. Factors such as lifestyle, presence of metabolic alterations, low education, advanced age, low use of PPE and inappropriate use of pesticides are also associated with cases of intoxication. The training and awareness of individuals who handle organophosphates, in addition to actions by the government, are essential to strengthen regulations on the use of these substances, in order to avoid health problems in the population.
References
Alves, H. H. F., Silva, A. T., Pavão, J. M. S. J., Matos-Rocha, T. J., Souza, M. A., Costa, J. G., Fonseca, S. A., Pires, L. L. S., Faé, J., & Santos, A. F. (2021). The acetylcholinesterase as indicative of intoxication for pesticide in farmers of conventional and organic cultivation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3), 632–641. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.227875
Amin, D. M., Abaza, M. T., Azawy, D. S. El, & Ahmed, A. I. (2018). Morbidity and Mortality Indicators in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning in Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt: Retrospective Study. Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, 06(04), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2018.64011
Archanjo, A. B., Aline, R., Borçoi, A. L. E. M. de, Assis, Camila Vieira Chagas David, C., Cesar Jorden Almança, C. C., Couto, C. V. M. da S., Diego Camuzi, É. A. S., de Freitas, Ester Ribeiro Cunha, F., Vitorino Freitas, G. M. da S., Guanaes, Gabriela Tonini Peterle, G., Assis Robe, Guilherme Colli Valiate, J., Batista Pavesi Simão, J. G., Santos, Julia de Assis Pinheiro, J., Dalbó, Juliana Krüger Arpini, L., Bettcher Brito, L. O. T., Letícia Parmanhani Romão, L. de L., Maia, Marcelo dos Santos, M. V., Moreira Vianna, M. M. de O., Miranda, M. D. de O., & Álvares-da-Silva, M. (2017). Alcoolismo, tabagismo e exposição aos agrotóxicos: avaliação epidemiológica e molecular como auxiliar na prevenção e questões de saúde TT - Alcoholims, smoking and exposure to pesticides: epidemiological and molecular evaluation as support to prevention. Comun. Ciênc. Saúde, 28(1), 40–44. http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/periodicos/ccs_artigos/alcoolismo_questoes_saude.pdf
Benitez-Medina, A., & Ramírez-Vargas, M. A. (2021). Cholinesterase as a biomarker to identify cases of pesticide poisoning. Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA, 9(17), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v9i17.5577
Bento, A. J., Andrade, A. B. A. de, Santos, J. M. dos, Moura, M. A. B. F. de, Goulart, H. F., & Santana, A. E. G. (2020). Exposição ocupacional aos agrotóxicos pelos agricultores da região de Coruripe, Alagoas. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 15(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v15i2.7642
Bianco, G. E., Suarez, E., Cazon, L., de la Puente, T. B., Ahrendts, M. R. B., & De Luca, J. C. (2017). Prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in Argentinean agricultural workers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(26), 21146–21152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9664-3
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. (2021). DATASUS. tabnet. http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinannet/cnv/Intoxbr.def
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. (2019). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Nota Informativa nº 16/2019-CGLAB/DAEVS/SVS/MS. Parâmetros para monitoramento da colinesterase nos agentes de saúde que utilizam inseticidas organofosforados e carbamatos nas atividades de controle vetorial. Brasília. https://central3.to.gov.br/arquivo/481149/
Brasil. Ministério da Economia. (2020). Secretaria Especial de Previdência e Trabalho. Portaria nº 6.734, de 9 de março de 2020. Aprova a nova redação da Norma Regulamentadora nº 07 - Programa de Controle Médico de Saúde Ocupacional - PCMSO. Brasília. https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-n-6.734-de-9-de-marco-de-2020-247886194
CDC - Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças. (2017). Resumo de Biomonitoramento - Inseticidas Organofosforados: Metabólitos de Dialquil Fosfato. Programa Nacional de Biomonitoramento. EUA. https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/OP-DPM_BiomonitoringSummary.html
Çelik, S., Akbaba, M., Nazlıcan, E., Gören, İ. E., Yavuz Güzel, E., & Daglioglu, N. (2021). Association between occupational and environmental pesticide exposure in Cukurova region by hair and blood biomonitoring. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(44), 63191–63201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15227-0
CIATox/SC - Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica de Santa Catarina. (2020). Estatísticas anuais: Ano: 2019. Florianópolis. https://ciatox.sc.gov.br/estatisticas/
Chuang, C. Sen, Yang, K. W., Yen, C. M., Lin, C. L., & Kao, C. H. (2019). Risk of seizures in patients with organophosphate poisoning: A nationwide population-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173147
Corcino, C. O., De Andrade Teles, R. B., Da Silva Almeida, J. R. G., Da Silva Lirani, L., Araújo, C. R. M., De Assis Gonsalves, A., & De Azevedo Maia, G. L. (2019). Avaliação do efeito do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde de trabalhadores rurais da fruticultura irrigada. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, 24(8), 3117–3128. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018248.14422017
Darwish, R. T., Megahed, H. M., Ayad, M. W., & Barakat, A. A. A. (2016). Study of acyl-peptide hydrolase as a probable marker of severity in cases of acute poisoning by cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor insecticides. Tanta Medical Journal, 44, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-1415.180542
Dhananjayan, V., Ravichandran, B., Panjakumar, K., Kalaiselvi, K., Rajasekar, K., Mala, A., Avinash, G., Shridhar, K., Manju, A., & Wilson, R. (2019). Assessment of genotoxicity and cholinesterase activity among women workers occupationally exposed to pesticides in tea garden. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 841(March), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.002
Esparza-Olalla, J. E., Forero-Lugo, F. C., & Mardones-Montanares, M. A. (2020). Uso de organofosforados por agricultores de la comunidad de Guaslán- Ecuador y los cambios hematológicos. Ciencia y Agricultura, 17(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v17.n1.2020.10603
Faria, N. M. X., Fassa, A. G., & Facchini, L. A. (2007). Intoxicação por agrotóxicos no Brasil: Os sistemas oficiais de informação e desafios para realização de estudos epidemiológicos. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, 12(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232007000100008
Faria, N. M. X., Rosa, J. A. R. da, & Facchini, L. A. (2009). Intoxicações por agrotóxicos entre trabalhadores rurais de fruticultura, Bento Gonçalves, RS. TT - [Poisoning by pesticides among family fruit farmers, Bento Gonçalves, Southern Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica, 43(2), 335–344. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&nrm=iso&lng=pt&tlng=pt&pid=S0034-89102009000200015%0Ahttp://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&nrm=iso&lng=pt&tlng=pt&pid=S0034-89102009000200015
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (2019). Estatística da FAO. Indicadores de pesticidas. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP/visualize.
Figueiredo, T. H., Apland, J. P., Braga, M. F. M., & Marini, A. M. (2018). Acute and long-term consequences of exposure to organophosphate nerve agents in humans. Epilepsia, 59(August), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14500
Joshi, A. K. R., & Sukumaran, B. O. (2019). Metabolic dyshomeostasis by organophosphate insecticides: Insights from experimental and human studies. EXCLI Journal, 18, 479–484. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2019-1492
Kadakol, N. S., Biradar, S. S., Smitha, M., & Biradar, M. K. (2017). A study of organo-phosphorous compound poisoning with reference to blood sugar and pseudocholinesterase levels. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 8(4), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00308.4
Kapeleka, J. A., Sauli, E., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2019). Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 00(00), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1690132
Kapeleka, J. A., Sauli, E., Sadik, O., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2019). Biomonitoring of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Activity among Smallholder Horticultural Farmers Occupationally Exposed to Mixtures of Pesticides in Tanzania. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3084501
Klein, B., Staudt, K., Missio, R., Peruzzi Hammad, M., & Almeida Alves, I. (2018). Análise do impacto do uso de organofosforados e carbamatos em trabalhadores rurais de um município da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 26(3), 104–112.
Kofod, D. H., Jørs, E., Varma, A., Bhatta, S., & Thomsen, J. F. (2016). The use of self-reported symptoms as a proxy for acute organophosphate poisoning after exposure to chlorpyrifos 50% plus cypermethrin 5% among Nepali farmers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0205-1
Lee, Y. H., Oh, Y. T., Lee, W. W., Ahn, H. C., Sohn, Y. D., Ahn, J. Y., Min, Y. H., Kim, H., Lim, S. W., Lee, K. J., Shin, D. H., Park, S. O., & Park, S. M. (2017). The association of alcohol consumption with patient survival after organophosphate poisoning: a multicenter retrospective study. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 12(4), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1484-9
Lorenzatto, L. B., Da Silva, M. I. G., Roman Junior, W. A., Rodrigues Junior, S. A., De Sá, C. A., & Corralo, V. (2020). Exposição De Trabalhadores Rurais a Organofosforados E Carbamatos. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online), 55(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.5327/z2176-947820200528
Mohapatra, S., & Panda, U. K. (2016). Neuropsychiatric manifestations following acute organophosphate poisoning. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University, 9(5), 654–656. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-2870.192163
Mulyana, Sugiarta, I., Fuk, L. J., Yunia, P. D., Fitrianti, Y., Adi, N. P., & Soemarko, D. S. (2020). Biomonitoring of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitor and the Association with Hypertension among Farmers in Bandung, Indonesia. Indonesian Biomedical Journal, 12(4), 325–332. https://doi.org/10.18585/INABJ.V12I4.1220
Muñoz-Quezada, M. T., Lucero, B., Iglesias, V., Levy, K., Muñoz, M. P., Achú, E., Cornejo, C., Concha, C., Brito, A. M., & Villalobos, M. (2017). Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and health conditions in agricultural and non-agricultural workers from Maule, Chile. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 27(1), 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2016.1268679
Naughton, S. X., & Terry, A. V. (2018). Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology, 408, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011
Neupane, D., Jørs, E., & Brandt, L. P. A. (2017). Plasma Cholinesterase Levels of Nepalese Farmers Following Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides. Environmental Health Insights, 11, 117863021771926. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630217719269
Patel, S., & Sangeeta, S. (2019). Pesticides as the drivers of neuropsychotic diseases, cancers, and teratogenicity among agro-workers as well as general public. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3642-2
Pothu, U., Thammisetty, A., & Nelakuditi, L. (2019). Evaluation of cholinesterase and lipid profile levels in chronic pesticide exposed persons. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(6), 2073. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_239_19
Ramírez-Santana, M., Farías-Gómez, C., Zúñiga-Venegas, L., Sandoval, R., Roeleveld, N., Van der Velden, K., Scheepers, P. T. J., & Pancetti, F. (2018). Biomonitoring of blood cholinesterases and acylpeptide hydrolase activities in rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196084
Ramírez-santana, M., Zúñiga-venegas, L., Corral, S., Roeleveld, N., Groenewoud, H., Velden, K. Van Der, Scheepers, P. T. J., & Pancetti, F. (2020). Reduced neurobehavioral functioning in agricultural workers and rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides in northern Chile and its association with blood biomarkers inhibition. Environmental Health, 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00634-6
Salvi, R. M., Lara, D. R., Ghisolfi, E. S., Portela, L. V., Dias, R. D., & Souza, D. O. (2003). Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicological Sciences, 72(2), 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfg034
Shabka, O. (2017). Characteristics of Organophosphate Poisoned Patients Admitted to Emergency Hospital. Mansoura Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, 25(2), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjfmct.2018.47243
Shentema, M. G., Kumie, A., Bråtveit, M., Deressa, W., Ngowi, A. V., & Moen, B. E. (2020). Pesticide use and serum acetylcholinesterase levels among flower farm workers in Ethiopia—a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030964
Sine, H., Grafel, K. El, Alkhammal, S., Achbani, A., & Filali, K. (2019). Serum cholinesterase biomarker study in farmers–Souss Massa region-, Morocco: case–control study. Biomarkers, 24(8), 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2019.1684564
Souza, M. T. de, Silva, M. D. da, & Carvalho, R. de. (2010). Integrative review: what is it? How to do it? Einstein (São Paulo), 8(1), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010rw1134
Terziev, V., & Petkova-Georgieva, S. (2020). Human Health Problems and Classification of the Most Toxic Pesticides. SSRN Electronic Journal, V(15). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3513837
Thundiyil, J. G., Stober, J., Besbelli, N., & Pronczuk, J. (2008). Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(3), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.041814
Todd, S. W., Lumsden, E. W., Aracava, Y., Mamczarz, J., Albuquerque, E. X., & Pereira, E. F. R. (2020). Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology, 180, 108271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271
Tsai, Y.-H., & Lein, P. J. (2021). Mechanisms of organophosphate neurotoxicity. Current Opinion in Toxicology, 26, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2021.04.002
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mariele Abadia Elias; Ana Emilia Siegloch; Lenita Agostinetto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
