Assessing working memory in general education students for ADHD detection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18766Keywords:
Working memory assessment; Greek-WMRS; ADHD; General education students.Abstract
The involvement of deficient working memory in ADHD symptomatology has attracted intense research interest and has been scientifically substantiated. This fact provided an impetus for this study, which aims to investigate the role of working memory assessment in detecting ADHD elements in general education students in classroom settings. Therefore, 67 classroom teachers rated 130 Greek general education primary school students on the Greek-WMRS. The research findings indicated statistically significant differences in the overall score of the Greek-WMRS and in the separate score of its 20 descriptions of classroom behaviors between children clinically diagnosed with ADHD and those without. In conclusion, students’ working memory assessment in classroom settings can significantly contribute to detection of ADHD behaviors so that such classroom behaviors to be extensively assessed for an effective diagnosis.
References
Alexopoulou, A., Batsou, A. & Drigas, A. S. (2019). Effectiveness of Assessment, Diagnostic and Intervention ICT Tools for Children and Adolescents with ADHD. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 7(3), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v7i3.11178
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Kirkwood, H. J. (2016). Κλίμακα Αξιολόγησης Εργαζόμενης Μνήμης: Εγχειρίδιο (ελληνική έκδοση). Αθήνα: Μοτίβο Αξιολόγηση.
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., Kirkwood, H. & Elliott, J. (2009). The working memory rating scale: A classroom-based behavioral assessment of working memory. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(2), 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.003
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Kirkwood, H. J. (2008). Working Memory Rating Scale. London: Pearson Assessment.
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (2005). Standard deviations and standard errors. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 331(7521), 903. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7521.903
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Angelopoulou, E., & Drigas, A. (2021). Working memory, attention and their relationship: A theoretical overview. Research, Society and Development, 10(5), e46410515288. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.15288
Angelopoulou, E., Karabatzaki, Z., & Drigas, A. (2021). The role of working memory and attention in older workers’ learning. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC), 14(1), 4-14. https://10.3991/ijac.v14i1.20355
Apuke, O.D., (2017). Quantitative Research Methods: A Synopsis Approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 6(11), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.12816/0040336
Aromataris, E. & Pearson, A. (2014). The systematic review: An Overview. American Journal of Nursing, 114(3), 53-58. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000444496.24228.2c
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736359
Baddeley, A. (2010). Working memory. Current Biology, 20(4), R136-R140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H. (1999). Working memory: The multiple-component model. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 28–61). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/CBO9781139174909.005
Barkley, R. A. (2017). What Causes ADHD? Updated August 2020. http://www.russellbarkley.org/factsheets/WhatCausesADHD2017.pdf
Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., & Fossella, J. (2002). Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Developmental psychobiology, 40(3), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.10030
Casey, B. J., Cannonier, T., Conley, M. I., Cohen, A. O., Barch, D. M., Heitzeg, M. M., Soules, M. E., Teslovich, T., Dellarco, D. V., Garavan, H., Orr, C. A., Wager, T. D., Banich, M. T., Speer, N. K., Sutherland, M. T., Riedel, M. C., Dick, A. S., Bjork, J. M., Thomas, K. M., et al. ABCD Imaging Acquisition Workgroup. (2018). The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001
Chalmers, K. A. & Freeman, E. E. (2018). A comparison of single and multi-test working memory assessments in predicting academic achievement in ahildren. The Journal of Psychology, 152(8), 613-629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2018.1491469
Chalmers, K. A. & Freeman, E. E. (2019). Working Memory Power Test for Children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282917731458
Chaplin, E., & Mccarthy, J. (2018). Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). In C. Hemmings, (Ed.), Mental Health in Intellectual Disabilities, 5th edition, 87-96. Pavilion.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Dehn, M. J. (2008). Working memory and academic learning: Assessment and intervention. John Wiley & Sons.
Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R.W., & Prins, P. J. (2013). What part of working memory is not working in ADHD? Short-term memory, the central executive and effects of reinforcement. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(6), 901–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9729-9
Drigas, A. S. & Ioannidou, R. Ε. (2013). Special Education and ICTs. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 8(2), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v8i2.2514
Durston, S., & Casey, B. J. (2006). What have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2149–2157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.010
Εμβαλωτής, Α., Κατσής, Α. & Σιδερίδης, Γ. (2006). Στατιστική Μεθοδολογία Εκπαιδευτικής Έρευνας. Ιωάννινα: Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων.
Engle, R.W. (2010). Role of Working‐Memory Capacity in Cognitive Control. Current Anthropology, 51(S1), S17-S26. https://doi.org/10.1086/650572
Engle, R. W. (2001). What is working memory capacity? In H. L. Roediger III, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A. M. Surprenant (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 297–314). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10394-016
Fosco, W. D., Kofler, M. J., Groves, N. B., Chan, E. S. M. & Raiker Jr, J. S. (2020). Which ‘working’ components of working memory aren’t working in youth with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 647–660. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10802-020-00621-y
Fried, R., Chan, J., Feinberg, L., Pope, A., Woodworth, K.Y., Faraone, S.V. & Biederman, J. (2016). Clinical correlates of working memory deficits in youth with and without ADHD: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(5), 487-496. https://10.1080/13803395.2015.1127896
Gathercole, S. (2008a). Working memory in the classroom. President’s award, 21(5), 382-385. Updated July 2021. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-21/edition-5/working-memory-classroom
Gathercole, S. E. (2008b). Working Memory. In J. Byrne (Ed.), Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 2, 1st Edition, 33–51. Oxford: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00179-0
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2017). Understanding Statistics in Psychology with SPSS, Seventh Edition. Pearson.
Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., Miura, T. K., & Colflesh, G. J. H. (2007). Working memory, attention control, and the n-back task: A question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 615-622. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615
Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 68(6), 540–546. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2015.68.6.540
Kim, Y., & Chang, H. (2011). Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary behavior in school children. Nutrition Research and Practice, 5(3), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2011.5.3.236
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D. E. & Raiker, J. S. (2010). ADHD and Working Memory: The Impact of Central Executive Deficits and Exceeding Storage/Rehearsal Capacity on Observed Inattentive Behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 38, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9357-6
London, A. S., & Landes, S. D. (2021). Cohort change in the prevalence of ADHD among U.S. adults: Evidence of a gender-specific historical period effect. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(6), 771 –782. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719855689
Luna B. (2009). Developmental changes in cognitive control through adolescence. Advances in child development and behavior, 37, 233–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2407(09)03706-9
Mathy, F., Chekaf, M., & Cowan, N. (2018). Simple and Complex Working Memory Tasks Allow Similar Benefits of Information Compression. Journal of Cognition, 1(1): 31, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.31
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429458
Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E., Jr. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research. Annual review of clinical psychology, 10, 607–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722
Mondal, H., & Mondal, S. (2017). Statistical Significance is Prerequisite in Study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. JCDR, 11(9), CL01. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/27773.10539
Nadler, R. T., & Archibald, L. M. D. (2014). The assessment of verbal and visuospatial workingm with school age Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 38(3), 262–279.
Nigg, J. T., & Barkley, R. A. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology, 75–144. The Guilford Press.
Oberauer, K., Farrell, S., Jarrold, C., & Lewandowsky, S. (2016). What limits working memory capacity? Psychological bulletin, 142(7), 758–799. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000046
Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005). N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20131
Pickering, S. J. (2006). Assessment of working memory in children. In S.J. Pickering (Ed.), Working memory and education (pp. 241–271). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
Schmid, J., Stadler, G., Dirk, J., Fiege, C. & Gawrilow, C. (2016). ADHD Symptoms in Adolescents’ Everyday Life: Fluctuations and Symptom Structure Within and Between Individuals. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716629214
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Thiele, A. & Bellgrove, M. A. (2018). Neuromodulation of Attention. Neuron, 97(4), 769–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.008
Tillman, C., Eninger, L., Forssman, L. & Bohlin, G. (2011). The Relation between working memory components and ADHD symptoms from a developmental perspective. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549981
Tsal, Y., Shalev, L., & Mevorach, C. (2005). The Diversity of Attention Deficits in ADHD: The prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194050380020401
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007). The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. Psychological Review 114(1), 104-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.104
Unsworth, N. , Redick, T.S., Heitz, R. P., Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2009). Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage. Memory, 17(6), 635-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965821090299804
Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C. (2017). Rethinking Internal Consistency in Cronbach's Alpha. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189
Wagner, A. D. (2002). Cognitive control and episodic memory: Contributions from prefrontal cortex. In L.R. Squire & D.L. Schacter (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory (pp. 174–192). The Guilford Press.
Zavitsanou, A., & Drigas, A. (2021). Attention and working memory. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES), 9(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v9i1.19933
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Effrosyni Angelopoulou; Zoi Karabatzaki; Athanasios Drigas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
