Una revisión de los sistemas de cría de cerdos agroindustriales brasileños: impactos ambientales y procesos de digestión anaeróbica aplicados con aditivos minerales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i1.21720Palabras clave:
Estiércol de cerdo; Gestión ambiental; Digestión anaeróbica; Aditivos minerales.Resumen
Los sistemas agroindustriales comprenden actividades de transformación de materias primas provenientes de las industrias agrícola, acuícola, ganadera y forestal, desde las etapas de producción primaria hasta el consumo. La cría de cerdos se destaca en los mercados nacionales e internacionales de procesos agroindustriales para el sacrificio y procesamiento de carne. Si bien este sector contribuye positivamente a las economías de varios países, el alto flujo de residuos resultante de la implementación de sistemas de producción integrados ha tenido graves consecuencias ambientales, p. Ej. masas de agua contaminadas y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Entre los métodos de tratamiento, la digestión anaeróbica reduce la carga orgánica de biomasa en ausencia de oxígeno, generando biogás y fertilizante orgánico. Sin embargo, existen limitaciones asociadas con la alta variabilidad del CH4 y el bajo rendimiento, lo que hace que la implementación en Brasil sea mínima y lenta. Algunas investigaciones han informado sobre el uso de aditivos minerales para optimizar el proceso de biodigestión. Nuestro estudio constituye una revisión bibliográfica sobre sistemas de cría de cerdos y modelos de producción, seguida de un análisis a escala global y las consecuencias ambientales. La novedad es que este estudio presenta el uso de minerales aditivos ya aplicados en la digestión anaeróbica de cerdos y una discusión sobre las perspectivas de avances globales con oportunidades para mitigar GEI y cuellos de botella. A pesar de ser una tecnología prometedora, aún se deben realizar evaluaciones detalladas del uso de estos aditivos y su implementación en plantas de tratamiento de manera que se optimice este proceso.
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