Infecciones por Staphylococcus spp. concurrentes a la COVID-19: una revisión de literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.32460Palabras clave:
COVID-19; Staphylococcus spp.; SARS-CoV-2; Coinfección; Superinfección; Infección secundaria.Resumen
Las especies del género Staphylococcus se encuentran entre los principales agentes causantes de infecciones nosocomiales, y el aumento de las cepas multirresistentes que circulan en el ambiente hospitalario, colonizando e infectando a pacientes y profesionales sanitarios, es especialmente preocupante. Las infecciones secundarias son un agravante importante en el COVID-19. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar a través de la literatura científica actual el impacto de la infección concomitante por especies del género Staphylococcus en pacientes con COVID-19. El análisis de la literatura científica actual permite inferir que existe una gran heterogeneidad en cuanto a la incidencia de esta coinfección/superinfección/colonización. También se encontró heterogeneidad en cuanto a los niveles de resistencia a los antibióticos de las cepas aisladas y tendencias divergentes cuanto a la incidencia temporal de este patógeno bacteriano en las infecciones secundarias a COVID-19. Estas diferencias probablemente reflejan estándares locales, como los perfiles de resistencia y las infecciones secundarias anteriores a la pandemia, así como los niveles de control de la infección hospitalaria en cada unidad de salud. Factores como la duración de la internación hospitalaria, el uso de ventilación mecánica y la adquisición de cepas de Staphylococcus spp. de origen hospitalario influyen directamente en las tasas de infección secundaria y en el pronóstico de los pacientes con COVID-19. Aún teniendo en cuenta la heterogeneidad de los resultados, las tasas de mortalidad pueden considerarse elevadas en los pacientes que presentan infecciónes concurrentes por Staphylococcus spp. en la forma grave de la infección vírica por SARS-CoV-2, con tasas que pueden ultrapasar al 90%.
Citas
Adams, C. E., & Dancer, S. J. (2020). Dynamic Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in the Intensive Care Unit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062109
Altintas, M., Kar, M., Aydin Tigli, G., & Cekin, Y. (2022). Methicillin Resistance and Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Cultures Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of the Results. European Journal of Rhinology and Allergy, 5(1), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.5152/ejra.2022.22056
Andrade,G. P. B., Fiorot, P. A. S. P., Amendola T. S., & Norberg, A. N. Shared computer keyboards as pathogenic microorganisms contamination sources. Saudi Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 3(9), 318-322. https://doi.org/10.21276/sjpm.2018.3.9.11
Bassetti, M., Magnasco, L., Vena, A., Portunato, F., & Giacobbe, D. R. (2022). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lung infection in coronavirus disease 2019: How common? Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 35(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000813
Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., & Blaser, M. J. (2021). Enfermedades infecciosas: Principios y práctica. https://auth.elsevier.com/ShibAuth/institutionLogin?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediris.es%2Fsir%2Fubidp&appReturnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clinicalkey.com%2Fstudent%2Fcontent%2Ftoc%2F3-s2.0-C2019004558X
Bhargava, A., Riederer, K., Sharma, M., Fukushima, E. A., Johnson, L., & Saravolatz, L. (2021). High rate of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) among COVID-19 patients presenting with bacteremia upon hospital admission. American Journal of Infection Control, 49(11), 1441–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.08.010
Bolker, A., Coe, K., Smith, J., Stevenson, K., Wang, S.-H., & Reed, E. (2022). Predictors of respiratory bacterial co-infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 102(1), 115558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115558
Bôtelho, E. X., Melo, R. de O. A., Gusmão, N. B. de, Ximenes, R. M., & Sena, K. X. da F. R. de. (2022). Prevalência e perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aureus em hospitais do Brasil: Uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Research, Society and Development, 11(6), e2711628744. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i6.28744
Brown, M. M., & Horswill, A. R. (2020). Staphylococcus epidermidis—Skin friend or foe? PLOS Pathogens, 16(11), e1009026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009026
Cataño-Correa, J. C., Cardona-Arias, J. A., Porras Mancilla, J. P., & García, M. T. (2021). Bacterial superinfection in adults with COVID-19 hospitalized in two clinics in Medellín-Colombia, 2020. PLOS ONE, 16(7), e0254671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254671
Centeleghe, I., Norville, P., Hughes, L., & Maillard, J. (2022). Dual species dry surface biofilms; Bacillus species impact on Staphylococcus aureus survival and surface disinfection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, jam.15619. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15619
Charante, F. van, Wieme, A., Rigole, P., De Canck, E., Ostyn, L., Grassi, L., Deforce, D., Crabbé, A., Vandamme, P., Joossens, M., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., Depuydt, P., & Coenye, T. (2022). Microbial diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility in endotracheal tube biofilms recovered from mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Biofilm, 4, 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100079
Cheng, L. S., Chau, S. K., Tso, E. Y., Tsang, S. W., Li, I. Y., Wong, B. K., & Fung, K. S. (2020). Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic prescribing practice in adults with COVID-19: Experience from a single hospital cluster. Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 7, 204993612097809. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936120978095
Contou, D., Claudinon, A., Pajot, O., Micaëlo, M., Longuet Flandre, P., Dubert, M., Cally, R., Logre, E., Fraissé, M., Mentec, H., & Plantefève, G. (2020). Bacterial and viral co-infections in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted to a French ICU. Annals of Intensive Care, 10(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00736-x
Coura, J. R. (2013). Dinâmica das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias (2a ed). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan.
Cusumano, J. A., Dupper, A. C., Malik, Y., Gavioli, E. M., Banga, J., Berbel Caban, A., Nadkarni, D., Obla, A., Vasa, C. V., Mazo, D., & Altman, D. R. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Patients Infected With COVID-19: A Case Series. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 7(11), ofaa518. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa518
d’Humières, C., Patrier, J., Lortat-Jacob, B., Tran-dinh, A., Chemali, L., Maataoui, N., Rondinaud, E., Ruppé, E., Burdet, C., Ruckly, S., Montravers, P., Timsit, J.-F., & Armand-Lefevre, L. (2021). Two original observations concerning bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care units during the first wave of the epidemic in France [Preprint]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.21250287
Dutra, V. G., Martins, J. S. A., Norberg, A. N., Santa-Helena, A. A., Oliveira, J. T. M., Ribeiro, M. D., & Gouveia, L. O. C. Incidence of Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus Among Undergraduate Nursing Students in the City of Belford Roxo, Brazil. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4(6), 667-673. http://scholarsmepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/SJMPS-46-667-673-c.pdf
De Pascale, G., De Maio, F., Carelli, S., De Angelis, G., Cacaci, M., Montini, L., Bello, G., Cutuli, S. L., Pintaudi, G., Tanzarella, E. S., Xhemalaj, R., Grieco, D. L., Tumbarello, M., Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, B., & Antonelli, M. (2021). Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with COVID-19: Clinical features and potential inference with lung dysbiosis. Critical Care, 25(1), 197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03623-4
Dias, M. L. S., Molinaro, C. G. S., Aragão, L. C. M., de Lima, E. M., & Correal, J. C. D. (2022). Análise comparativa da resistência bacteriana de microrganismos causadores de bacteremia em pacientes críticos nos períodos pré-pandemia e COVID-19 em um hospital terciário privado de Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26, 102227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2021.102227
Docherty, A. B., Harrison, E. M., Green, C. A., Hardwick, H. E., Pius, R., Norman, L., Holden, K. A., Read, J. M., Dondelinger, F., Carson, G., Merson, L., Lee, J., Plotkin, D., Sigfrid, L., Halpin, S., Jackson, C., Gamble, C., Horby, P. W., Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S., … Semple, M. G. (2020). Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: Prospective observational cohort study. BMJ, m1985. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1985
Elabbadi, A., Turpin, M., Gerotziafas, G. T., Teulier, M., Voiriot, G., & Fartoukh, M. (2021). Bacterial coinfection in critically ill COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia. Infection, 49(3), 559–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01553-x
Fitzgerald, J. R. (2014). Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during human colonization and infection. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 21, 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.020
Gerver, S. M., Guy, R., Wilson, K., Thelwall, S., Nsonwu, O., Rooney, G., Brown, C. S., Muller-Pebody, B., Hope, R., & Hall, V. (2021). National surveillance of bacterial and fungal coinfection and secondary infection in COVID-19 patients in England: Lessons from the first wave. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(11), 1658–1665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.040
Giacobbe, D. R., Battaglini, D., Enrile, E. M., Dentone, C., Vena, A., Robba, C., Ball, L., Bartoletti, M., Coloretti, I., Di Bella, S., Di Biagio, A., Brunetti, I., Mikulska, M., Carannante, N., De Maria, A., Magnasco, L., Maraolo, A. E., Mirabella, M., Montrucchio, G., … Bassetti, M. (2021). Incidence and Prognosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(4), 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040555
González-García, S., Hamdan-Partida, A., Bustos-Hamdan, A., & Bustos-Martínez, J. (2021). Factors of Nasopharynx that Favor the Colonization and Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus. Em X. Zhou & Z. Zhang (Orgs.), Pharynx—Diagnosis and Treatment. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95843
Grasselli, G., Scaravilli, V., Mangioni, D., Scudeller, L., Alagna, L., Bartoletti, M., Bellani, G., Biagioni, E., Bonfanti, P., Bottino, N., Coloretti, I., Cutuli, S. L., De Pascale, G., Ferlicca, D., Fior, G., Forastieri, A., Franzetti, M., Greco, M., Guzzardella, A., … Bandera, A. (2021). Hospital-Acquired Infections in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. Chest, 160(2), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.002
Horn, C. M., & Kielian, T. (2021). Crosstalk Between Staphylococcus aureus and Innate Immunity: Focus on Immunometabolism. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 621750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.621750
Jang, I.-T., Yang, M., Kim, H.-J., & Park, J.-K. (2020). Novel Cytoplasmic Bacteriocin Compounds Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis Selectively Kill Staphylococcus aureus, Including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pathogens, 9(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020087
Jeon, K., Jeong, S., Lee, N., Park, M.-J., Song, W., Kim, H.-S., Kim, H. S., & Kim, J.-S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Consumption and Spread of Multidrug-Resistance in Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics, 11(4), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040535
Karataş, M., Duman, M. Y., Tünger, A., Çilli, F., Aydemir, Ş., & Ozenci, V. (2021). Secondary Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance in COVID-19: Comparative Evaluation of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic-Era, A Retrospective Single Center Study [Preprint]. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-157931/v1
Karimzadeh, R., & Ghassab, R. K. (2022). Identification of nuc nuclease and sea enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from nasal mucosa of burn hospital staff: A cross-sectional study. New Microbes and New Infections, 47, 100992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100992
Kellerman, R. D., Rakel, D., & Conn, H. F. (2022). Conn’s current therapy 2022. https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9780323833790
Kewan, T., Chawla, S., Saleem, T., Afzal, S., Saand, A., & Alqaisi, S. (2020). Superinfections in patients infected with COVID-19: a single-center experience. Chest, 158(4), A350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.347
Kloepfer, K. M., Singh, A., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2022). Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Em Y. J. Huang & S. Garantziotis (Orgs.), The Microbiome in Respiratory Disease (p. 61–84). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87104-8_4
López-Jácome, L. E., Fernández-Rodríguez, D., Franco-Cendejas, R., Camacho-Ortiz, A., Morfin-Otero, M. D. R., Rodríguez-Noriega, E., Ponce-de-León, A., Ortiz-Brizuela, E., Rojas-Larios, F., Velázquez-Acosta, M. D. C., Mena-Ramírez, J. P., Rodríguez-Zulueta, P., Bolado-Martínez, E., Quintanilla-Cazares, L. J., Avilés-Benítez, L. K., Consuelo-Munoz, S., Choy-Chang, E. V., Feliciano-Guzmán, J. M., Couoh-May, C. A., … Garza-González, E. (2022). Increment Antimicrobial Resistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Invifar Network. Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.), 28(3), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2021.0231
Miller, M., Cook, H. A., Furuya, E. Y., Bhat, M., Lee, M.-H., Vavagiakis, P., Visintainer, P., Vasquez, G., Larson, E., & Lowy, F. D. (2009). Staphylococcus aureus in the Community: Colonization Versus Infection. PLoS ONE, 4(8), e6708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006708
Norberg, P. R. B. M., Villalba, M. L. M., Ortellado, L. D., Coronel, M., Ribeiro, P. C., & Norberg, A. N. (2018). Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among indigenous people of Toba Qom ethnic, Benjamín Aceval, Paraguay. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 5(7), 2720. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182605
Norberg, A. N., Norberg, P. R. B. M., Guerra-Sanches, F., Ribeiro, P. C., Sant'Anna, N. F., Ferreira-Filho, R. M., & Faial, L. C. M. Paraepidemics: the role of microbial co-infections and superinfections on the COVID-19. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10(8), 140-153. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20218-19635
Odorizi, V. A., Rocha, J, M, N,. Oliveira, G. G., Araujo, R. K. S., & Norberg, A. N. (2018). Asymptomatic Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus Among Indigenous People of Xerente Ethnic, Tocantinia City, Province of Tocantins, Brazil. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 4(2), 1536-1541. https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1841355
Ortega-Peña, S., Rodríguez-Martínez, S., Cancino-Diaz, M. E., & Cancino-Diaz, J. C. (2022). Staphylococcus epidermidis Controls Opportunistic Pathogens in the Nose, Could It Help to Regulate SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection? Life, 12(3), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030341
Pemán, J., Ruiz-Gaitán, A., García-Vidal, C., Salavert, M., Ramírez, P., Puchades, F., García-Hita, M., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., & Quindós, G. (2020). Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned? Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia, 37(2), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2020.07.001
Polly, M., de Almeida, B. L., Lennon, R. P., Cortês, M. F., Costa, S. F., & Guimarães, T. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in an acute care hospital in Brazil. American Journal of Infection Control, 50(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.09.018
Proctor, R. A. (2021). Have We Outlived the Concept of Commensalism for Staphylococcus aureus ? Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(1), e267–e269. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1431
Punjabi, C. D., Madaline, T., Gendlina, I., Chen, V., Nori, P., & Pirofski, L. (2021). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in respiratory cultures and diagnostic performance of the MRSA nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 42(9), 1156–1158. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.440
Ramadan, H. K.-A., Mahmoud, M. A., Aburahma, M. Z., Elkhawaga, A. A., El-Mokhtar, M. A., Sayed, I. M., Hosni, A., Hassany, S. M., & Medhat, M. A. (2020). Predictors of Severity and Co-Infection Resistance Profile in COVID-19 Patients: First Report from Upper Egypt. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 13, 3409–3422. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S272605
Raychaudhuri, D., Sarkar, M., Roy, A., Roy, D., Datta, K., Sengupta, T., Hazra, A., & Mondal, R. (2021). COVID-19 and Co-infection in Children: The Indian Perspectives. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(4), fmab073. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmab073
Rezaei, N. (2022). Encyclopedia of infection and immunity. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780323903035
Risa, E., Roach, D., Budak, J. Z., Hebert, C., Chan, J. D., Mani, N. S., Bryson-Cahn, C., Town, J., & Johnson, N. J. (2021). Characterization of Secondary Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Use in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19 Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 36(10), 1167–1175. https://doi.org/10.1177/08850666211021745
Sakr, A., Brégeon, F., Mège, J. L., Rolain, J. M., & Blin, O. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization: An Update on Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Subsequent Infections. Frontiers in Microbiology 8(9),2419. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419
Senok, A., Alfaresi, M., Khansaheb, H., Nassar, R., Hachim, M., Al Suwaidi, H., Almansoori, M., Alqaydi, F., Afaneh, Z., Mohamed, A., Qureshi, S., Ali, A., Alkhajeh, A., & Alsheikh-Ali, A. (2021). Coinfections in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Descriptive Study from the United Arab Emirates. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 14, 2289–2296. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S314029
Sharifipour, E., Shams, S., Esmkhani, M., Khodadadi, J., Fotouhi-Ardakani, R., Koohpaei, A., Doosti, Z., & EJ Golzari, S. (2020). Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 646. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05374-z
Sharov, K. S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia cases in pneumonia picture in Russia in March-May 2020: Secondary bacterial pneumonia and viral co-infections. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 020504. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.-020504
Silva, D. L., Lima, C. M., Magalhães, V. C. R., Baltazar, L. M., Peres, N. T. A., Caligiorne, R. B., Moura, A. S., Fereguetti, T., Martins, J. C., Rabelo, L. F., Abrahão, J. S., Lyon, A. C., Johann, S., & Santos, D. A. (2021). Fungal and bacterial coinfections increase mortality of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Journal of Hospital Infection, 113, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.001
Sullivan, S. B., Kamath, S., McConville, T. H., Gray, B. T., Lowy, F. D., Gordon, P. G., & Uhlemann, A.-C. (2016). Staphylococcus epidermidis Protection Against Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in an Inner-City Outpatient Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 3(4), ofw234. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw234
Tang, H., Zhao, Z., Zhang, X., Pan, L., Wu, Q., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., & Li, F. (2021). Analysis of pathogens and risk factors of secondary pulmonary infection in patients with COVID-19. Microbial Pathogenesis, 156, 104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104903
Unger, S. A., & Bogaert, D. (2017). The respiratory microbiome and respiratory infections. Journal of Infection, 74, S84–S88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30196-2
Veronesi, R., Focaccia, R. (2015) Tratado de Infectologia (5a ed.). São Paulo: Atheneu.
Viana, S. L. N., Norberg, A. N., Barradas, N. A., Oliveira, J. T. M., Santa-Helena, A. A., Matos, M. L. F. M., & Matos, A. L. (2019). Bacterial contamination of the stretchers's surfaces of a physiotherapy undergraduate school clinic. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(6), 1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20196-13963
Viancelli, A., Fornari, B. F., Fonseca, T. G., Mass, A. P., Ramos, F. M., & Michelon, W. (2022). Contamination by pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria on interior surfaces of ambulances. Research, Society and Development, 11(2), e48111225925. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25925
Yang, S., Hua, M., Liu, X., Du, C., Pu, L., Xiang, P., Wang, L., & Liu, J. (2021). Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. Microbes and Infection, 23(4–5), 104806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104806
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Antonio Neres Norberg; Paulo Roberto Blanco Moreira Norberg; Fernanda Castro Manhães; Bianca Magnelli Mangiavacchi; Lígia Cordeiro Matos Faial; Renato Mataveli Ferreira Filho; Paulo Cesar Ribeiro; Alcemar Antônio Lopes de Matos; Lívia Mattos Martins; Nadir Francisca de Sant’Anna
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista concuerdan con los siguientes términos:
1) Los autores mantienen los derechos de autor y conceden a la revista el derecho de primera publicación, con el trabajo simultáneamente licenciado bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Attribution que permite el compartir el trabajo con reconocimiento de la autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
2) Los autores tienen autorización para asumir contratos adicionales por separado, para distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en esta revista (por ejemplo, publicar en repositorio institucional o como capítulo de libro), con reconocimiento de autoría y publicación inicial en esta revista.
3) Los autores tienen permiso y son estimulados a publicar y distribuir su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su página personal) a cualquier punto antes o durante el proceso editorial, ya que esto puede generar cambios productivos, así como aumentar el impacto y la cita del trabajo publicado.
