Lo que ya sabemos sobre el Síndrome Post-COVID-19: Una revisión narrativa

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34143

Palabras clave:

COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Tos; Fatiga; Enfermedad crónica.

Resumen

A medida que aumenta el número de pacientes que se recuperan de la enfermedad aguda por COVID-19, se ha observado que muchos se enfrentan a síntomas duraderos, denominados Síndrome Post-COVID-19. Este artículo abarca los signos y síntomas más comunes de este síndrome, sus aspectos generales y los exámenes complementarios importantes relacionados con la enfermedad. El manuscrito es una revisión narrativa, que recoge las nuevas evidencias publicadas sobre el tema. Los síntomas más comunes del Síndrome Post-COVID-19 son la fatiga crónica, la disnea, la depresión o la ansiedad, el dolor, la tos y la alopecia, y muchos de ellos siguen presentes 6 meses después del alta hospitalaria de la enfermedad aguda, dependiendo de la gravedad de la enfermedad. Es importante que los pacientes mantengan un seguimiento médico para acceder a la gravedad de los síntomas y elegir si es necesario realizar más investigaciones. Hay algunos tratamientos disponibles para minimizar la carga duradera del síndrome, y el médico debe acceder a la necesidad de tratamiento con el paciente.  Al tratarse de una enfermedad nueva, se están produciendo muchas pruebas nuevas rápidamente, pero no se ha publicado ningún protocolo actualizado. Incluso con las campañas de vacunación, la carga de la pandemia aún no está a la vista, ya que sigue matando a miles de personas diariamente, y los que se han recuperado de la enfermedad aguda de COVID-19 pueden presentar síntomas crónicos. Por lo tanto, recomendamos a los profesionales de la salud que se actualicen continuamente, a medida que se añade nueva información para tomar mejores decisiones clínicas.

Citas

Ahmed H, Patel K, Greenwood D, Halpin S, Lewthwaite P, Salawu A, et al. (2020). Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med [Internet]. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2694.

Alimohamadi Y, Sepandi M, Taghdir M & Hosamirudsari H. (2020). Determine the most common clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Med Hyg [Internet]. 61(3):E304–12. https://doi.org/doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1530.

Arnold D. T, Hamilton F. W, Milne A, Morley A. J, Viner J, Attwood M, et al. (2021). Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax [Internet].76(4):399–401. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086.

Barker-Davies R. M, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, Baker P, Cranley M, Dharm-Datta S, et al. (2020). The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 54(16):949–59. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596.

Bowles K. H, McDonald M, Barrón Y, Kennedy E, O’Connor M, Mikkelsen M. (2021). Surviving COVID-19 After Hospital Discharge: Symptom, Functional, and Adverse Outcomes of Home Health Recipients. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 174(3):316–25. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5206.

Carfì A, Bernabei R & Landi F. (2020). Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA [Internet]. 324(6):603. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603.

Carod Artal FJ. (2021). Síndrome post-COVID-19: epidemiología, criterios diagnósticos y mecanismos patogénicos implicados. Rev Neurol [Internet]. 72(11):384. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.7211.2021230.CDC. (2021). Post-COVID Conditions.

Damm M, Pikart LK, Reimann H, Burkert S, Göktas Ö, Haxel B, et al. (2014). Olfactory training is helpful in postinfectious olfactory loss: A randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Laryngoscope [Internet]. 124(4):826–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24340 Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.24340

Dicpinigaitis, P. V., & Canning, B. J. (2020). Is There (Will There Be) a Post-COVID-19 Chronic Cough?. Lung, 198(6), 863–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-020-00406-6

Durmus E & Guneysu F. (2020). Evaluation of re-hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a hospital. Rev Assoc Med Bras [Internet]. 66(12):1690–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.12.1690.

Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement. (1999). American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 59(1):321-40. 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898.

Goërtz Y. M. J, Van Herck M, Delbressine J. M, Vaes A. W, Meys R, Machado F. V. C. et al. (2020). Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome? ERJ Open Res [Internet]. 6(4):00542–2020. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00542-2020.

Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. (2020). Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ [Internet]. m3026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3026.

Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D., Du, B., Li, L. J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K. Y., Chen, R. C., Tang, C. L., Wang, T., Chen, P. Y., Xiang, J., Li, S. Y. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England journal of medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.

Hadid T, Kafri Z & Al-Katib A. (2021). Coagulation and anticoagulation in COVID-19. Blood Rev [Internet]. 47:100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100761.

Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G, Adams A, Harvey O, McLean L, et al. (2021). Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID‐19 infection: A cross‐sectional evaluation. J Med Virol [Internet]. 93(2):1013–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26368.

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. (2021). 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 397(10270):220–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620326568

Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Y & Chen Y. (2020). Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet]. 39:101166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166.

Meini S, Suardi LR, Busoni M, Roberts AT & Fortini A. (2020). Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in 100 patients hospitalized for COVID-19: sex differences and recovery time in real-life. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology [Internet]. 277(12):3519–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06102-8.

Mikkelsen AME & Abramoff B. (2021). COVID-19 : Evaluation and management of adults following acute viral illness. Up to Date [Internet]. 2019:1–34. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-evaluation-and-management-of-adults-following-acute-viral-illness?search=covid 19 respiratory& source= search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020). Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing (clinical guideline CG144) [Internet].

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan M V., McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. (2021). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med [Internet]. 22;27(4):601–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.

O’Connor FG & Franzos A. (2021). COVID-19: Return to play or strenuous activity following infection [Internet]. Up to Date.

O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V. (2017). BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax [Internet]. 72(Suppl 1):ii1–90. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209729.

Oliviero A., de Castro F., Coperchini F., Chiovato L., Rotondi M. (2020). COVID-19 pulmonary and olfactory dysfunctions: is the chemokine CXCL10 the common denominator? Neuroscientist. 1–8. doi: 10.1177/1073858420939033.

Ortelli, P., Ferrazzoli, D., Sebastianelli, L., Engl, M., Romanello, R., Nardone, R., Bonini, I., Koch, G., Saltuari, L., Quartarone, A., Oliviero, A., Kofler, M., & Versace, V. (2021). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. Journal of the neurological sciences, 420, 117271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117271.

Perico, L., Benigni, A., Casiraghi, F., Ng, L., Renia, L., & Remuzzi, G. (2021). Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 17(1), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4

Piraccini BM & Alessandrini A. (2014). Androgenetic alopecia. G Ital Dermatol Venereol [Internet]. 149(1):15–24.

Rawal G, Yadav S & Kumar R. (2017). Post-intensive care syndrome: An overview. J Transl Intern Med [Internet]. 5(2):90–2. https://doi.org/10.1515/jtim-2016-0016.

Rodríguez-Larrad A, Mañas A, Labayen I, González-Gross M, Espin A, Aznar S, et al. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Spanish University Students: Role of Gender. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet].;18(2):369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020369.

Scangas GA & Bleier BS. (2017). Anosmia: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management. Am J Rhinol Allergy [Internet]. 31(1):e3–7. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4403.

Sonnweber T, Sahanic S, Pizzini A, Luger A, Schwabl C, Sonnweber B, et al. (2021). Cardiopulmonary recovery after COVID-19: an observational prospective multicentre trial. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 57(4):2003481. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03481-2020.

Spiezia L, Boscolo A, Poletto F, Cerruti L, Tiberio I, Campello E, et al. (2020). COVID-19-Related Severe Hypercoagulability in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Acute Respiratory Failure. Thromb Haemost [Internet]. 120(06):998–1000. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710018.

Tang N, Li D, Wang X & Sun Z. (2020). Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost [Internet].18(4):844–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768.

Teixeira T. A, Bernardes F. S, Oliveira Y. C, Hsieh M. K, Esteves S. C, Duarte Neto A. N, et al. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 and Multi-Organ damage – What men’s health specialists should know about the COVID-19 pathophysiology. Int braz j urol [Internet].47(3):637–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.0872.

Thachil, J., Tang, N., Gando, S., Falanga, A., Cattaneo, M., Levi, M., Clark, C., & Iba, T. (2020). ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH, 18(5), 1023–1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14810

Udelson J. E, Rowin E. J & Maron B. J. (2021). Return to Play for Athletes After COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Cardiol [Internet]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2079.

Xiong Q, Xu M, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, et al. (2021). Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27(1):89–95. 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023.

Wade D., Hardy R. & Howell DMM. (2013). Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. EmbaseMinerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(8):944–63.

Wambier C. G, Vaño-Galván S, McCoy J, Gomez-Zubiaur A, Herrera S, Hermosa-Gelbard Á, et al. (2020). Androgenetic alopecia present in the majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: The “Gabrin sign.” J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. 83(2):680–2.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.079.

Wasserman D, Guzman-Sanchez DA, Scott K & McMichael A. (2007). Alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol [Internet]. 46(2):121–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03193.x Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03193.x

Wootton DG, Dickinson L, Pertinez H, Court J, Eneje O, Keogan L, et al. (2017). A longitudinal modelling study estimates acute symptoms of community acquired pneumonia recover to baseline by 10 days. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 49(6):1602170. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02170-2016.

Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature [Internet]. 579(7798):270–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.

Descargas

Publicado

11/09/2022

Cómo citar

RESENDE, M. D. de .; RESENDE, G. D. de .; RIQUIERI, L. N. .; SANTOS, A. F. A. dos .; CASTRO, A. C. A. de .; ROCHA, M. da C. . Lo que ya sabemos sobre el Síndrome Post-COVID-19: Una revisión narrativa. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 12, p. e108111234143, 2022. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34143. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/34143. Acesso em: 26 sep. 2024.

Número

Sección

Revisiones