Biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares para diagnóstico precoce de Transtorno do Espectro Autista: revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18924Palavras-chave:
Biomarcadores; Transtorno do Espectro Autista; Diagnóstico; Plasma; Saliva.Resumo
Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é uma desordem de desenvolvimento neurológico caracterizada por diferentes graus de déficit na comunicação, interação social, aprendizagem, acompanhado por padrões repetitivos e estereotipados de comportamento. O diagnóstico de TEA é extremamente complexo devido à etiopatologia ainda desconhecida e à diversidade de sintomas apresentados pelos indivíduos, sendo realizado unicamente a partir de observações clínicas do comportamento do indivíduo. Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar os principais biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares atualmente estudados para o diagnóstico precoce de TEA. Para esta revisão sistemática de literatura, foram utilizados o diretório e a base de dados online “Google Scholar” e “Publish Medliner” (PubMed), respectivamente, com os descritores: “Autism”, “Biomarker”, “Diagnostic”, “Saliva” e “Plasma”. Foram selecionados 564 estudos no PubMed e 185 no Google Scholar, por meio da triagem dos títulos. Após a leitura dos resumos, foram excluídos 647 estudos, seja por irrelevância ou por serem artigos de revisão, estudos genéticos ou não utilizarem amostras de plasma ou saliva. Os 102 estudos originais restantes foram avaliados na íntegra e 83 foram excluídos. Assim, dezenove artigos completos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram utilizados na análise qualitativa. Os resultados identificaram cortisol, glutamato/GABA, glutationa, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores de estresse oxidativo, disfunção mitocondrial e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, especialmente IL-6, como os principais biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares atualmente estudados para o diagnóstico precoce de TEA. No entanto, considerando que vários resultados foram controversos e inconclusivos, mais estudos são necessários para validar biomarcadores específicos como ferramentas diagnósticas. Os achados atuais incentivam estudos de maior precisão diagnóstica, controlados, multicêntricos e prospectivos.
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