Interação COVID-19/tuberculose: como a persistência de uma doença milenar impacta na gravidade de uma pandemia emergente
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19754Palavras-chave:
Tuberculose; COVID-19; Impacto; Coinfecção; Histórico; Epidemiologia; Fatores de risco; Diagnóstico; Vacina; Alterações clínico/laboratoriais.Resumo
A COVID-19 é uma doença transmissível causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que emergiu em dezembro de 2019, na China. Tal patógeno se disseminou por todo o globo terrestre de maneira descontrolada, culminando em uma pandemia que vem causando impactos desastrosos. Na maioria dos óbitos por COVID-19, a hipertensão arterial, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, doença cardíaca e quadros respiratórios, como a tuberculose, estavam presentes. A tuberculose é uma doença causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sendo um grande problema de saúde pública mundial devido a sua ampla dispersão geográfica, casos de multirresistência, e por ser um fator relevante de morbimortalidade. Além disso, possui como característica principal o comprometimento pulmonar, o que é de grande preocupação quando associado aos casos de COVID-19. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma sistematização de informações, contextualizando de forma crítica a problemática central sobre a interação COVID-19/tuberculose, buscando analisar evidências descritas sobre o tema com ênfase em seus impactos diretos e indiretos. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa, delineada pela busca de bibliografias e artigos científicos nos principais repositórios eletrônicos. Os descritores utilizados foram: tuberculose, COVID-19, impacto, coinfecção, histórico, epidemiologia, fatores de risco, diagnóstico, vacina e alterações clínico/laboratoriais. Por fim, nota-se que a interação COVID-19/tuberculose está associada a quadros desfavoráveis e letais aos pacientes, assim como a impactos indiretos. Logo, novas estratégias para o controle/manejo de ambas as doenças são de grande urgência. Todavia, o conhecimento sobre a temática ainda é limitado, havendo a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados acerca das possíveis variáveis e efeitos ainda desconhecidos.
Referências
Alfaraj, S. H., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Altuwaijri, T. A., & Memish, Z. A. (2018). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection: Implications for infection control. American Journal of Infection Control, 46(2), 165-168. Doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.08.010.
Athikarisamy, S. E. (2020). Does BCG bolster one's immunity against COVID-19? Retrieved aug 19, 2021, from https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1252/rr-4.
Awasthi, S., & Moin S. (1999). Effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculous meningitis. Indian Pediatr, 36, 455–460.
Andrade Júnior, F. P. de, Silva Neta, M. das N., Silva, K. S. da, Moraes, G. F. Q., Teixeira, A. P. de C., Lima, I. O., & Lima, E. de O. (2020). Antituberculosis in pregnancy: a review. Research, Society and Development, 9(6), e118963714. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i6.3714.
Brasil. (2017). Departamento Penitenciário Nacional. Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias: INFOPEN. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/depen/pt-br/sisdepen/mais-informacoes/relatorios-infopen/relatorios-sinteticos/infopen-jun-2017.pdf>.
Churchyard, G., et al. (2017). What We Know About Tuberculosis Transmission: An Overview. The Journal of Infectous Diseases. 216(6), 629-635. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix362.
Craig, G. M., Joly L. M., & Zumla, A. (2014). Complexbutcoping: experience of symptoms of tuberculosis and health care seeking behaviours - a qualitative interview study of urban risk groups. London. UK. BMC Public Health, 14(618), 1-9.
Daniel, T. M. (2006). Captain of Death: The story of tuberculosis. New York. University of Rochester Press.
Denis, M., et al. (2020). Convipendium: Overview of information available to support the development of medical counter measures and interventions against COVID-19. Transdiscipl Insights - Living Paper, 4(1), 1-296. Doi: 10.11116/TDI2020.4.10.SI.Covipendium.
Desouky, E. (2020). BCG versus COVID 19: impact on urology. World Journal of Urology, 39, 823–827. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03251-7.
Dheda, K., Third, C., Third, B., & Maartens, G. (2016). Tuberculosis. The Lancet, 387(10024), 1211-1226. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00151-8.
Diao, B., Wang, C., TAN, Y., et al. (2020). Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol, 11(827). Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827.
Echeverría, G., Espinoza, W., & de Waard, J. H. (2020). How TB and COVID-19 compare: an opportunity to integrate both control programmes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 24(9), 971-974. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5588/ ijtld.20.0417.
Falasca, L., Nardacci, R., Colombo, D., Lalle, E., Di Caro, A., Nicastri, E., et al. (2020). Post mortem Findings in Italian Patients With COVID-19: A Descriptive Full Autopsy Study of Cases With and Without Comorbidities. J InfectDis, 222(11), 1807-1815. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa578.
Ferri, A. O., Aguiar, B., Wilhelm, C. M., et al. (2014). Diagnóstico da Tuberculose: uma revisão. Novo Hamburgo. Revista Liberato, 15(4), 105-212.
Garrido, R. G., & Garrido, F. S. R. G. (2020). COVID-19: Um Panorama com Ênfase em Medidas Restritivas de Contato Interpessoal. Interfaces Científicas-Saúde e Ambiente, 8(2), 127-141. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17564/2316-3798.2020v8n2p127-141.
Gheblawi, M., Wang, K., Viveiros, A., Nguyen, Q., Zhong, J. C., Turner, A. J., Raizada, M. K., Grant, M. B., & Oudit, G. Y. (2020). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. Circ Res, 126, 1456–1474. Doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015.
Glaziou, P. (2020). Predicted Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Tuberculosis Deaths. medRxiv. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.28.20079582.
Gomes, R. R., Antunes, D. E., Dos Santos, D. F., Sabino, E. F. P., Oliveira, D. B., & Goulart, I. M. B. (2019). BCG vaccine and leprosy household contacts: protective effect and probability to becoming sick during follow-up. Vaccine, 37, 6510–6517. Doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.067.
Guan, W. J., et al. (2020). China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. ClinicalCharacteristics of CoronavirusDisease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 382, 1708-1720. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa2002032.
Guinn, K. M., & Rubin, E. J. (2017). Tuberculosis: Just theFAQs. mBio, 8(6), e01910-17. Doi: 10.1128/mBio.01910-17.
Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., Sehgal, K., Nair, N., et al. (2020). Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med, 26, 1017–1032. Doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3.
Higgins, J, P., Soares-Weiser, K., López-López, J. A., Kakourou, A. et al. (2016). Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review. BMJ, 355, i5170. Doi:10.1136/bmj.i5170.
Hikmet, F., Mear, L., Edvinsson, Å., Micke, P., Uhlen M., & Lindskog, C. (2020). The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol, 16, e9610. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20209610.
Imai, Y., Kuba, K., Rao, S., Huan, Y., Guo, F., et al. (2005). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature, 436, 112– 116. Doi: 10.1038/nature03712.
Jia, H. (2016). Pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and inflammatory lung disease. Shock, 46, 239–248. Doi: 10.1097/ SHK.0000000000000633.
Kleinnijenhuis, J., Quintin, J., Preijers, F., Joosten, L. A., et al. (2014). BCG induced trained immunity in NK cells: role for non-specific protection to infection. Clin Immunol, 155, 213–219. Doi: 10.1016/ j.clim.2014.10.005.
Kleinnijenhuis, J., Van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2015). Trained immunity: consequences for the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 109, 29–35. Doi: 10.1093/ trstmh/tru168.
Li, Z., et al. (2020). Development and Clinical Application of A Rapid IgM-IgG Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Diagnosis. J Med Virol, 92(9), 1518-1524. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ jmv.25727.
Li, J., Huang, D. Q., Zou, B., et al. (2021). Epidemiology of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. J Med Virol, 93, 1449- 1458. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26424.
Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci, 63(3), 364-374. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11427-020-1643-8.
Loveday, M., Cox, H., Evans, D., Furin, J., Ndjeka, N., Osman, M., et al. (2020). Opportunitiesfrom a new disease for anoldthreat: Extending COVID-19 effortstoaddresstuberculosis in South Africa. S Afr Med J, 110(12), 1160-1167. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020. v110i12.15126.
Lu, H. (2020). Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends, 14(1), 69-71. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01020.
Lucas, C., Wong, P., Klein, J., Castro, T. B. R., Silva, J., Sundaram, M., et al. (2020). Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature, 584(7821), 463-469. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2588-y.
Mangtani, P., Abubakar, I., Ariti, C., Beynon, R., Pimpin, L., et al. (2014). Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis, 58, 470–80. Doi: 10.1093/cid/cit790.
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immune suppression. Lancet, 395(10229), 1033-1034. Doi: http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
Miller, A., Reandelar, M. J., Fasciglione, K., et al. (2020). Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937.
Motta, I., Centis, R., D’Ambrosio, L., García-García, J. M., Goletti, D., Gualano, G., et al. (2020). Tuberculosis, COVID-19 and migrants: Preliminary analysis of deathso ccurring in 69 patients from two cohorts. Pulmonology, 26(4), 233-240. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.05.002.
Pathangey, E., et al. (2021). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and COVID-19: patients, comorbidities, and therapies.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 320(3), 303-330. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00259.2020.
Pereira, A. S., et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. UFSM.
Puelles, V. G., Lutgehetmann, M. €., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Sperhake, J. P., Wong, M. N., et al. (2020). Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med, 383, 590–592. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2011400.
Raman, B., Cassar, M. P., Tunnicliffe, E. M., Filippini, N., Griffanti, L., FAlfaro-Almagro, F., et al. (2020). Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. medRxiv. Doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/2020.10.15.20205054, 2020.10.15.20205054.
Rosen, G. (1994). Uma história da Saúde Pública. São Paulo: Hucitec.
Sousa, G. O., Sales, B. N., Gomes, J. G. F., Silva, M. do A., & Oliveira, G. A. L. de. (2020). Tuberculosis epidemiology in northeastern Brazil, 2015 – 2019. Research, Society and Development, 9(8), e82985403. Doi: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5403.
Stop TB Partnership. (2020). The Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Response On Tuberculosis In High-BurdenCountries: A Modelling Analysis. In collaboration with Imperial College, Avenir Health, Johns Hopkins University and USAID. Available in: <https://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/Modeling%20Report_1%20May%202020_FINAL.pdf>.
Sy, K. T. L., Haw, N. J. L., & Uy, J. (2020). Previous and active tuberculosis increases risk of death and prolongs recovery in patients with COVID-19. London. Infect Dis, 52(12), 902-907. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235. 2020.1806353.
Tadolini, M., Codecasa, L. R., García-García, J. M., Blanc, F. X., Borisov, S., Alffenaar, J. W., et al. (2020). Active tuberculosis, sequelaeand COVID-19 coinfection: first cohort of 49 cases. Eur Respir J, 56(1), 2001398. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01398-2020.
Tamuzi, J. L., Ayele, B. T., Shumba, C. S., Adetokunboh, O. O., Uwimana-Nicol, J., Haile, Z. T., et al. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence. BMC Infect Dis, 20(744), 1-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05450-4.
Tan, W., et al. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Genome Identified in a Cluster of Pneumonia Cases — Wuhan, China 2019−2020. China CDC Weekly. 2(4), 61-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa2001017.
To, K. K. W., Tsang, O. T. Y., Leung, W. S., et al. (2020). Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARSCoV-2: anobservational cohort study. Lancet InfectDis, 20, 565-574. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1.
Togun, T., Kampmann, B., Stoker, N. G., & Lipman, M. (2020). Anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB patients and TB control programmes. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 19(21), 1-6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-020-00363-1.
Trunz, B. B., Fine, P., & Dye, C. (2006). Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet, 367, 1173–1180. Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68507-3.
Udwadia, Z. F., Vora, A., Tripathi, A. R., Malu, K. N., Lange, C., & Raju, R. S. (2020). COVID-19 – Tuberculosis interactions: When dark forces colide. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis,67(4), 155-162. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.003.
Vabret, N., Britton, G. J., Gruber, C., Hegde, S., Kim, J., Kuksin, M., et al. (2020). Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the Science. Immunity, 52, 910–941. Doi:10.1016/j. immuni.2020.05.002.
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061-1069. Doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
Wang, Y., Dong, C., Hu, Y., et al. (2020). Temporal changes of CT findings in 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study. Radiology, 296(2), 55-64. Doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200843.
Wang, Z., Yang, B., Li, Q., Wen, L., & Zhang, R. (2020). Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis, 71(15), 769-777. Doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272.
Wingfield, T., Cuevas, L. E., MacPherson, P., Millington, K. A., & Squire, S. B. (2020). Tack ling two pandemics: a plea on World Tuberculosis Day. Lancet Respir Med, 8(6), 536-538. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30151-X.
Wong, C. Y., Wong, K. Y., Law, T. S., Shum, T. T., Li, Y. K., & Pang, W. K. (2004). Tuberculosis in a SARS outbreak. J Chin Med Assoc, 67(11), 579-582.
Who. (2020). COVID-19: Considerations for tuberculosis (TB) care. Retrieved 9 Aug, 2021, from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/tuberculosis/infonote-tb-covid-19.pdf.
Who. (2020). Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. Retrived 10 Aug, 2021, from https://www.who. int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus-landscape-ncov.pdf?ua=1.
Who. (2005). Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. Retrieved 6 Aug, 2021, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/9241562919_eng.pdf.
Who. (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. Retrieved 10 Aug, 2021, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/han dle/10665/329368/9789241565714-eng.pdf?ua=1.
Who. (2020). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Retrived 10 Aug, 2021, from https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
Who. (2020). Statement on these condmeeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee eregarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Retrieved 11 Aug, 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novelcoronavirus-(2019-ncov).
Wu, P., Hao, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., Leung, K. S. M., Wu, J. T., et al. Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Euro Surveill, 25(3), 2000044. Doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044.
Yang, J., Zheng, Y., Gou, X., et al. (2020). Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis, 94, 91-95. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.
Ye, R., & Liu, Z. (2020). ACE2 exhibits protective effects against LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting the LPS-TLR4 pathway. Exp Mol Pathol, 113, 104350. Doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104350.
Zhang, W., et al. (2020). Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiples heddin groutes. Emerg Microbes Infect, 9(1), 386-389. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071.
Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. (2018). The influence of BCG on vaccine responses - a systematic review. Expert Rev Vaccines, 17, 547–554. Doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1483727.
Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J., & Han, Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med, 14, 185–192. Doi:10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2021 Leonardo Linhares Miler da Silva; Rodrigo Grazinoli Garrido
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1) Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2) Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3) Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
