Riesgo de caídas en la población mayor: Una revisión narrativa sobre factores contribuyentes y estrategias de prevención

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i10.47130

Palabras clave:

Adulto mayor; Caídas accidentales; Prevención de accidentes; Calidad de vida.

Resumen

Las caídas en personas mayores constituyen un problema de salud pública de gran complejidad, asociado con un aumento sustancial de la morbilidad, la mortalidad y una reducción significativa en la calidad de vida de esta población vulnerable. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar sistemáticamente las causas subyacentes de las caídas en personas mayores y discutir las intervenciones preventivas más eficaces en el contexto actual. Se realizó una revisión narrativa, integrando datos de la literatura obtenidos en bases internacionales, considerando artículos publicados entre 2020 y 2024 y utilizando descriptores como "caídas en personas mayores", "prevención" y "calidad de vida". El análisis reveló que las caídas son principalmente el resultado de una interrelación compleja entre factores intrínsecos, como la fragilidad, la polifarmacia, los déficits cognitivos y las alteraciones sensoriales, y factores extrínsecos, como entornos inseguros y barreras arquitectónicas. Las intervenciones más prometedoras resultaron ser multifactoriales, abarcando programas de ejercicios físicos enfocados en el fortalecimiento muscular y la mejora del equilibrio, adaptaciones ambientales y tecnologías asistivas, con énfasis en sistemas de monitoreo remoto y tecnologías vestibles. Sin embargo, la adherencia a las intervenciones se ve obstaculizada por barreras como la resistencia al cambio por parte de las personas mayores y limitaciones en el acceso a recursos especializados. Se concluye que la prevención de caídas requiere enfoques integrados e individualizados que combinen estrategias físicas, ambientales y tecnológicas, con el objetivo de reducir los riesgos y promover la autonomía y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores.

Citas

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Publicado

15/10/2024

Cómo citar

SANTOS, G. de S. .; BARRETO JUNIOR, M. G. .; OLIVEIRA, L. dos S. de .; FERREIRA , L. F. .; SILVA , J. C. da .; FREITAS , V. L. de P. .; DOURADO, I. A. T. . Riesgo de caídas en la población mayor: Una revisión narrativa sobre factores contribuyentes y estrategias de prevención. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 10, p. e67131047130, 2024. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v13i10.47130. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/47130. Acesso em: 10 jun. 2025.

Número

Sección

Ciencias de la salud