Importância nutricional das vitaminas e minerais na infecção da COVID-19

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6103

Palavras-chave:

COVID-19; Infección; Vitaminas; Minerales.

Resumo

No final de 2019, surgiu em Wuhan, o novo coronavírus 2019, responsável pela doença COVID-19, causador de um quadro clínico múltiplo, variando de sintomas inespecíficos leves à pneumonia grave com danos na função orgânica. Sabendo-se que uma alimentação balanceada pode beneficiar significativamente pacientes no controle de doenças infectocontagiosas crônicas, objetivou-se com este estudo, discutir e apresentar dados recentes sobre o papel das vitaminas A, C, D e E, e os minerais zinco e selênio associados à COVID-19. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, sobre os aspectos da pandemia da COVID-19 e dados relacionados às vitaminas e minerais, bem como sua importância nutricional para essa doença. As alterações provocadas pela deficiência das concentrações plasmáticas de vitaminas e minerais, envolvem a redução do bom desempenho do sistema imunológico, sendo um dos fatores que levam ao estado imunitário deficiente. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos para elucidar a relação dos micronutrientes com a infecção causada pelo COVID-19.

Referências

Albuquerque, F. M., Filgueiras, M. D. S., Rocha, N. P., Castro, A. P. P., Milagres, L. C., Pessoa, M. C., & Novaes, J. F. (2018). Associação das concentrações séricas de zinco com hipercolesterolemia e resistência à insulina em crianças brasileiras. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 34(1), e00175016. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00175016

Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the Immune System. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 59(6), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.2310/jim.0b013e31821b8755

Bianchi, M. L. P., & Antunes, L. M. G. (1999). Radicais livres e os principais antioxidantes da dieta. Revista de Nutrição, 12(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52731999000200001

Bonaventura, P., Benedetti, G., Albarède, F., & Miossec, P. (2015). Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmunity Reviews, 14(4), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008

Burk, R. F., & Hill, K. E. (2015). Regulation of Selenium Metabolism and Transport. Annual Review of Nutrition, 35(1), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034250

Butler, M. J., & Barrientos, R. M. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040

Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(4), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181

Cantorna, M., Snyder, L., Lin, Y.-D., & Yang, L. (2015). Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D Regulation of T cells. Nutrients, 7(4), 3011–3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7043011

Carr, A. C. (2020). A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Critical Care, 24(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4

Carr, A., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211

Carrapato, P., Correia, P., & Garcia, B. (2017). Determinante da saúde no Brasil: a procura da equidade na saúde. Saúde e Sociedade, 26(3), 676–689. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902017170304

Cassani, B., Villablanca, E. J., De Calisto, J., Wang, S., & Mora, J. R. (2012). Vitamin A and immune regulation: Role of retinoic acid in gut-associated dendritic cell education, immune protection and tolerance. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 33(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2011.11.001

Cruz, K. J. C. (2015). Antioxidant role of zinc in diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.333

D’Ambrosio, D. N., Clugston, R. D., & Blaner, W. S. (2011). Vitamin A Metabolism: An Update. Nutrients, 3(1), 63–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3010063

Delesderrier, E., Cople-Rodrigues, C. S., Omena, J., Kneip Fleury, M., Barbosa Brito, F., Costa Bacelo, A., & Citelli, M. (2019). Selenium Status and Hemolysis in Sickle Cell Disease Patients. Nutrients, 11(9), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092211

Fisher, B. J., Kraskauskas, D., Martin, E. J., Farkas, D., Wegelin, J. A., Brophy, D., … Natarajan, R. (2012). Mechanisms of attenuation of abdominal sepsis induced acute lung injury by ascorbic acid. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 303(1), L20–L32. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00300.2011

Fogarty, H., Townsend, L., Ni Cheallaigh, C., Bergin, C., Martin‐Loeches, I., Browne, P., … O’Donnell, J. S. (2020). COVID19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. British Journal of Haematology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16749

Forastiere, F., Pistelli, R., Sestini, P., Fortes, C., Renzoni, E., Rusconi, F., & Bisanti, L. (2000). Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. Thorax, 55(4), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.55.4.283

Fung, E., Gildengorin, G., Talwar, S., Hagar, L., & Lal, A. (2015). Zinc Status Affects Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Secretion in Patients with Thalassemia. Nutrients, 7(6), 4296–4307. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064296

Gasmi, A., Noor, S., Tippairote, T., Dadar, M., Menzel, A., & Bjørklund, G. (2020). Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Immunology, 215, 108409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108409

Gheblawi, M., Wang, K., Viveiros, A., Nguyen, Q., Zhong, J. C., Turner, A. J., & Oudit, G. Y. (2020). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circulation Research, 126(10), 1456–1474. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015

Gombart, A. F., Pierre, A., & Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236

Gonzaga, I. B., Martens, A., & Cozzolino, S. M. F. (2016). Selênio. In Cozzolino, S. M. F. (org.). Biodisponibilidade de nutrientes (5th ed., pp. 539–577). Barueri: Manole.

Grant, W. B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S. L., Baggerly, C. A., French, C. B., Aliano, J. L., & Bhattoa, H. P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients, 12(4), E988. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v2

Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., & Zhong, N. S. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

Haza, A., García, A., & Morales, P. (2008). Vitamin C Protects from Oxidative DNA Damage and Apoptosis Caused by Food N-Nitrosamines. In Kucharski, H., Zajac, J. (org.). Handbook of Vitamin C Research: Daily Requirements, Dietary Sources and Adverse Effects (87–125). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Hecker, L. (2018). Mechanisms and consequences of oxidative stress in lung disease: therapeutic implications for an aging populace. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 314(4), L642–L653. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00275.2017

Hemilä, H. (2017). Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients, 9(4), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040339

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5

Imdad, A., Herzer, K., Mayo-Wilson, E., Yakoob, M. Y., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2010). Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(3), CD008524. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008524

Institute of Medicine. (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes. Institute of Medicine.

Iwata-Yoshikawa, N., Okamura, T., Shimizu, Y., Kotani, O., Sato, H., Sekimukai, H., & Nagata, N. (2019). Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 93(6), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01818-18

Jayawardena, R., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Chourdakis, M., Jeewandara, C., & Ranasinghe, P. (2020). Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015

John Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

Kieliszek, M., & Lipinski, B. (2020). Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Medical Hypotheses, 143, 109878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109878

Kimball, A., Hatfield, K. M., Arons, M., James, A., Taylor, J., Spicer, K., & Jernigan, J. A. (2020). Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility - King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(13), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e1

Kulie, T., Groff, A., Redmer, J., Hounshell, J., & Schrager, S. (2009). Vitamin D: An evidence-based review. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 22(6), 698–706. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2009.06.090037

Lee, G., & Han, S. (2018). The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients, 10(11), 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614

Lei, G. S., Zhang, C., Cheng, B.-H., & Lee, C.-H. (2017). Mechanisms of action of vitamin D as supplemental therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(10). https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01226-17

Lewis, E. D., Meydani, S. N., & Wu, D. (2018). Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation. IUBMB Life, 71(4), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1976

Lichtenstein, A., Ferreira-Júnior, M., Sales, M. M., Aguiar, F. B., Fonseca, L. A. M., Sumita, N. M., & Duarte, A. J. S. (2013). Vitamina D: ações extraósseas e uso racional. Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira, 59(5), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ramb.2013.05.002

Mawson, A. R., & Croft, A. M. (2019). Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193543

McGill, J. L., Kelly, S. M., Guerra-Maupome, M., Winkley, E., Henningson, J., Narasimhan, B., & Sacco, R. E. (2019). Vitamin A deficiency impairs the immune response to intranasal vaccination and RSV infection in neonatal calves. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51684-x

Meng, L., Zhao, X., & Zhang, H. (2019). HIPK1 Interference Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress of Acute Lung Injury via Autophagy. Medical Science Monitor, 25, 827–835. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.912507

Muscogiuri, G., Pugliese, G., Barrea, L., & Colao, A. (2020). Obesity: the “Achilles heel” for COVID-19? Metabolism, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154251

Navarro-Alarcón, M., & López-Martı́nez, M. C. (2000). Essentiality of selenium in the human body: relationship with different diseases. Science of The Total Environment, 249(1–3), 347–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00526-4

Nonnecke, B. J., McGill, J. L., Ridpath, J. F., Sacco, R. E., Lippolis, J. D., & Reinhardt, T. A. (2014). Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(9), 5566–5579. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8293

Noy, N. (2000). Retinoid-binding proteins: mediators of retinoid action. Biochemical Journal, 348(3), 481. https://doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3480481

Pan, A., Liu, L., Wang, C., Guo, H., Hao, X., Wang, Q., & Wu, T. (2020). Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. Jama, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130

Papp, L. V., Lu, J., Holmgren, A., & Khanna, K. K. (2007). From Selenium to Selenoproteins: Synthesis, Identity, and Their Role in Human Health. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 9(7), 775–806. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1528

Pedruzzi, L. M., Cardozo, L. F. M. F., Medeiros, R. F., Stockler-Pintom, M. B., & Mafra, D. (2015). Association between serum ferritin and lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia, 37(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20150028

Pereira, A. S., et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [e-book]. Santa Maria. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.

Petrilli, C. M., Jones, S. A., Yang, J., Rajagopalan, H., O’Donnell, L. F., Chernyak, Y., & Horwitz, L. I. (2020). Factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness among 4,103 patients with COVID-19 disease in New York City. MedRxiv, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794

Prasad, A. S., Bao, B., Beck, F. W. J., & Sarkar, F. H. (2011). Zinc-suppressed inflammatory cytokines by induction of A20-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor-κB. Nutrition, 27(7–8), 816–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.010

Rokni, M., Ghasemi, V., & Tavakoli, Z. (2020). Immune responses and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during an outbreak in Iran: Comparison with SARS and MERS. Reviews in Medical Virology, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2107

Rosenkranz, E., Hilgers, R.-D., Uciechowski, P., Petersen, A., Plümäkers, B., & Rink, L. (2015). Zinc enhances the number of regulatory T cells in allergen-stimulated cells from atopic subjects. European Journal of Nutrition, 56(2), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1100-1

Semba, R. D. (1999). Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(3), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000944

Shanmugaraj, B., Siriwattananom, K., Wangkanont, K., & Phoolcharoen, W. (2020). Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol., 38, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.12932/AP-200220-0773

Sharifi, A., Vahedi, H., Nedjat, S., Rafiei, H., & Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, M. J. (2019). Effect of single‐dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. APMIS, 127(10), 681–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12982

Shittu, M. O., & Afolami, O. I. (2020). Improving the efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 may require Zinc additives - A better synergy for future COVID-19 clinical trials. Le Infezioni in Medicina, 28(2), 192–197.

Sinha, S., Cheng, K., Aldape, K., Schiff, E., & Ruppin, E. (2020). Systematic Cell Line-Based Identification of Drugs Modifying ACE2 Expression. Preprints, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0446.v1

Skröder, H. M., Hamadani, J. D., Tofail, F., Persson, L. Å., Vahter, M. E., & Kippler, M. J. (2015). Selenium status in pregnancy influences children’s cognitive function at 1.5 years of age. Clinical Nutrition, 34(5), 923–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.020

Suzuki, H., Kume, A., & Herbas, M. (2018). Potential of Vitamin E Deficiency, Induced by Inhibition of α-Tocopherol Efflux, in Murine Malaria Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010064

Tian, S., Hu, N., Lou, J., Chen, K., Kang, X., Xiang, Z., & Zhang, J. (2020). Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of Infection, 80(4), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018

Tuñas, I. T. de C., Silva, E. T. da, Santiago, S. B. S., Maia, K. D., & Silva-Júnior, G. O. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Preventive Approach to Dentistry. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia, 77(e1766), 1–6.

Tureck, C., Locateli, G., Corrêa, V. G., & Koehnlein, E. A. (2017). Avaliação da ingestão de nutrientes antioxidantes pela população brasileira e sua relação com o estado nutricional. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 20(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5497201700010003

Wan, S., Yi, Q., Fan, S., Lv, J., Zhang, X., Guo, L., & Chen, Y. (2020). Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv, 20021832. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832

Wang, J., Um, P., Dickerman, B., & Liu, J. (2018). Zinc, Magnesium, Selenium and Depression: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms and Implications. Nutrients, 10(5), 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050584

Wang, M., Guo, L., Chen, Q., Xia, G., & Wang, B. (2020). Typical radiological progression and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Aging, 12, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103170

Wimalawansa, S. J. (2020). Global epidemic of coronavirus–COVID-19: What we can do to minimze risks. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci, 7, 432–438.

World Health Organization. (2004). Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.

Wynn, T. A., & Vannella, K. M. (2016). Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis. Immunity, 44(3), 450–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015

Yan, C. H., Faraji, F., Prajapati, D. P., Boone, C. E., & DeConde, A. S. (2020). Association of chemosensory dysfunction and Covid-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22579

Yan, X., Fu, X., Jia, Y., Ma, X., Tao, J., Yang, T., & Wei, J. (2019). Nrf2/Keap1/ARE Signaling Mediated an Antioxidative Protection of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Fetal Origin in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2654910

Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C., & Tsoupras, A. (2020). COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients, 12(5), 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051466

Zhang, J., Taylor, E. W., Bennett, K., Saad, R., & Rayman, M. P. (2020). Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(6), 1297–1299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095

Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5), 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707

Zhang, R., Wang, X., Ni, L., Di, X., Ma, B., Niu, S., & Reiter, R. J. (2020). COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sciences, 250, 117583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117583

Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., & Shi, Z. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7

Downloads

Publicado

20/07/2020

Como Citar

LIMA, W. L.; BATISTA, M. C. C.; SILVINO, V. O.; MOURA, R. C. de; MENDES, I. L.; MOURA, M. S. B. de; BATISTA, N. K. C.; SILVA, K. R.; BARBOSA, A. K. da S. Importância nutricional das vitaminas e minerais na infecção da COVID-19. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 8, p. e804986103, 2020. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6103. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/6103. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2024.

Edição

v. 9 n. 8

Seção

Ciências da Saúde

Licença

Copyright (c) 2020 Wenna Lúcia Lima, Mara Cristina Carvalho Batista, Valmir Oliveira Silvino, Rayane Carvalho de Moura, Islanne Leal Mendes, Mayara Storel Beserra de Moura, Nadya Kelly Carvalho Batista, Kael Rafael Silva, Anne Karynne da Silva Barbosa

Creative Commons License
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:

1) Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.

2) Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.

3) Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.