Scientific evidence on the presence of mental disorders resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with COVID-19: scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i8.26562Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Mental disorders; Psychopathology.Abstract
Aim: To identify scientific evidence on the presence of mental disorders due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in people diagnosed with COVID-19; identify the types of mental disorders; to describe the pathophysiological association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with mental disorders; and describe the age and sex characteristics. This is a Scoping Review carried out in the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, BVS, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Embase, LILACS. And on the following sites: Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and Gray Literature. The descriptors (comorbidity OR sequel OR complications) AND (Mental Health OR Mental disorders OR Mental Illness) AND (SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID-19 OR coronavirus) were used. The inclusion criteria were: articles that answered the guiding question, available in full, with different methodological approaches, online, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The following were excluded: articles without free access; opinionated letters to the editor; editorials; and books. Ten studies were selected, which pointed to the high prevalence of occurrence of mental disorders in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, its etiology is multifactorial, being attributed to the damage of the infectious process and to the stressors, resulting from the pandemic. The disorders found were: stress disorders; of humor; psychotics; obsessive-compulsive; of anxiety and sleep-wakefulness. Those with the highest prevalence of involvement were anxiety and depression. There was no significant difference in terms of prevalence by sex. The mean age of participants was 46.1 years. Thus, it is necessary to know the possible sequelae of COVID-19, in order to provide comprehensive support to this population.
References
Almutairi, M. et al (2021). Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne), 8: 745789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.745789
APA. American Psychiatric Association (2014). Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5.
Banerjee, D. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on elderly mental health. Inter. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5320.
Bastien, C. et al (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med., 2: 297– 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4.
Bo, H-X. et al (2021). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychological Medicine, vol 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000999.
Bottemanne, H., et al (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: An Urgent Need of Prevention. Front Psychiatry, 9,12:738696. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.738696.
Brooks, S., et al (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395:912–20. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Casagrande, M., et al (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med., 75:12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.011.
Cai, X., et al (2020). Psychological Distress and Its Correlates Among COVID-19 Survivors During Early Convalescence Across Age Groups. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry,28(10):1030-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.07.003.
Cevik, M., et al (2020). Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3862
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021a). About COVID-19. www.cdc.gov.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021b). Symptons. www.cdc.gov.
Chen, J., (2020). Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viroses. Microbes and Infection, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.004.
Deng, J., et al (2021). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci.,1486(1):90-111. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506.
Desai, S., et al (2021). New-Onset Psychosis Following COVID-19 Infection. Cureus, 13(9):e17904. 10.7759/cureus.17904
Ferrando, S., et al (2020). COVID-19 Psychosis: A Potential New Neuropsychiatric Condition Triggered by Novel Coronavirus Infection and the Inflammatory Response? Psychosomatics, 61(5):551-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.012Get.
Galvão, T. F., Pansani, T. S. A. & Harrad, D. (2015). Principais itens para relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Meta-análises: A recomendação PRISMA*. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde, 24(2): abr-jun. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000200017.
Generoso, J., et al (2021). Neurobiology of COVID-19: how can the virus affect the brain? Braz J Psychiatry., 43(6): 650–664.https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1488.
Guo, Q., et al (2020). Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain Behav Immun, 88:17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.038.
Hu, Y., et al (2020). Factors related to mental health of inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Brain Behav Immun.,89:587-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.016.
Janiri, D., et al (2021). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Severe COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(5):567-569. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109
Jha, N, et al (2021). Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations. J Mol Neurosci.,71(11):2192-2209. 10.1007/s12031-020-01767-6
Kar, S., et al (2020). Mental illnesses among COVID-19 patients: Possible immunological underpinnings. Asian J Psychiatr., 53: 102376.10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102376.
Khademil, M., et al (2021). Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Its Associated Factors Among Recovered COVID-19 Patients During the Pandemic: A Single-Center Study. Front. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.602244.
Khan, S., et al (2021). Mental health consequences of infections by coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Brain Behav., 11(2):e01901. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1901.
Kong, X., et al (2020). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv and bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075
Kong, X, et al (2020). Effect of Psychological–Behavioral Intervention on the Depression and Anxiety of COVID-19 Patients. Front. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586355.
Kroenke, K., et al (2001). PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
Lai, J., et al (2020). Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open, 3(3):e203976. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
Lakhan, R., et al (2020). Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic. J Neurosci Rural Pract., 11(4):519-525. 10.1055/s-0040-1716442
Lee, A, et al (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry, 52(4):233-40. 10.1177/070674370705200405
Li, Y-C., et al (2020). The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol., 92(6):552-555. 10.1002/jmv.25728
Lima, A. A., et al. (2021). Characteristics of SARS-cov-2 aerosol dispersion in indoor air: scoping review. Research, Society and Development, 10(4), e44310414300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i4.14300.)
Liu, X., et al (2021). Public mental health problems during COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale meta-analysis of the evidence. Transl Psychiatry,384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01501-9.
Mascarello, K., et al (2021). Hospitalização e morte por COVID-19 e sua relação com determinantes sociais da saúde e morbidades no Espírito Santo: um estudo transversal. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude, 30(3):e2020919. 10.1590/S1679-49742021000300004.
Moreira, J. L., et al (2021). The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric repercussions associated with severe infections of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110159.
Morettin, P, & Singer, Julio (2021). Estatística e Ciência de Dados. Departamento de Estatística Universidade de São Paulo.
Morin, C., et al (2021). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study. Sleep Medicine, vol. 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.035
Nakamura, Z., et al (2021). Neuropsychiatric Complications of COVID-19. Curr Psychiatry Rep.,16,23(5):25. 10.1007/s11920-021-01237-9
Napoleão, R. N., et al (2021). COVID-19: Compreendendo a “tempestade de citocinas”. Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n.5, e43710515150. 10.33448/rsd-v10i5.15150.
Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (2020). Histórico da pandemia de COVID-19. https://www.paho.org/pt/covid19/historico-da-pandemia-covid-19.
Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (2021). Coronavírus. https://www.paho.org/pt/topicos/coronavírus.
Ornell, F., et al (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008.
Pallanti, S., et al (2021). Neurocovid-19: A clinical neuroscience-based approach to reduce SARS-CoV-2 related mental health sequelae. J Psychiatr Res.,130:215-217. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.008.
Parra, A. et al (2020). Psychotic symptoms in COVID-19 patients. A retrospective descriptive study. Psychiatry Res, 291:113254. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113254.
Peters, M. D. J. et al. (202). Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis.
Purssell, E., et al (2020). Impact of isolation on hospitalised patients who are infectious: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 18,10(2):e030371. 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030371.
Qi, R., et al (2020). Psychological morbidities and fatigue in patients with confirmed COVID-19 during disease outbreak: prevalence and associated biopsychosocial risk factors. MedRxiv and bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.20031666.
Raijkumar, R. (2020b). Contamination and infection: What the coronavirus pandemic could reveal about the evolutionary origins of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research., 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113062.
Raijkumar, R. (2020a). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
Resende, M., et al (2015). O DSM-5 e suas implicações no processo de medicalização da existência. Psicol. rev., 21(3), 534-546. 2015. http://dx.doi.org/DOI-10.5752/P.1678-9523.2015v21n3p534.
Rogers, J., et al (2021). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7:611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
Sadeghi, M., et al (2016). Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale” in War Veterans. Iran J War Public Health, 8:243–9. https://ijwph.ir/article-1-596-en.html.
Shafran, R, et al (2020). Recognising and addressing the impact of COVID-19 on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7):570-572. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30222-4.
Shi, L. et al (2020). Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open., 3(7):e2014053. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14053
Shin, L., & Liberzon, I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35:169-91. https://www.nature.com/articles/npp200983
Spitzer, R., et al (2006) A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med., 166. 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Taquet, M. et al (2021). 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry, 8: 416–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5.
Uher, R, & Zwicker, A. (2017). Etiology in psychiatry: embracing the reality of poly‐gene‐environmental causation of mental illness. World Psychiatry, 16(2):121-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20436
World Health Organization (2021a). Mental health & COVID-19. www.who.in. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/mental-health-and-covid-19.
World Health Organization (2021b). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int.
Wu, T., et al (2021). Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 281:91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117.
Xia, H. & Lazartigues, E. (2008). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the brain: properties and future directions. J Neurochem. 2008. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008. 05723.x.
Yadav, R. et al (2021). Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Disturbance in COVID-19 Patients at Tertiary Care Center of North India. J Neurosci Rural Pract., 12(2):316-322. 10.1055/s-0040-1722811.
Yachou, Y., et al (2020). Neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Neurol Sci.,41(10):2657-2669. 10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Izabelly Carollynny Maciel Nunes; Verônica de Medeiros Alves; Anyele Albuquerque Lima; Alda Graciele Claudio dos Santos Almeida; Ana Paula Nogueira de Magalhães
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.