Okra mucilage Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench as a natural additive in tomato sauce
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i5.2707Keywords:
Hydrocolloids; Lyophilization; Food sauces; Solanum lycopersicum; Sensory.Abstract
The use of okra mucilage as an alternative for adding value in tomato sauce was evaluated, acting as a thickening agent in natura and lyophilized form. The mucilage was extracted from okra and lyophilized, being characterized in terms of yield, functional, physical-chemical, bioactive, colorimetric and sensory properties. They were used in the formulation of tomato sauces in three formulations, one without mucilage (control) and two with moist and lyophilized mucilage. The okra mucilage showed an extraction yield of 53.87% and, when lyophilized, 1.67%, with a higher concentration of proteins, sugars and total soluble solids in relation to fresh okra and wet mucilage. Potential water and oil retention capacity was observed in lyophilized mucilage. Tomato sauces showed significant amounts of total phenolics and high antioxidant activity, with 27.37 eq. trolox mg/100g of the sauce with lyophilized mucilage, tending to orange. With hygienic-sanitary conditions suitable for consumption, the sauces showed good sensory acceptance, acceptability indexes and purchase intention. The product with lyophilized mucilage stood out in the attributes consistency, flavor and overall impression, being the preferred formulation by the judges, described as uniform, soft, smooth in appearance, pleasant and moist flavor. The tomato sauce with lyophilized mucilage showed positive values for the attributes uniform appearance, soft, smooth, homogeneous appearance, pleasant and moist flavor. Thus, the use of okra mucilage as a natural additive, especially in lyophilized form, may be viable in tomato sauce, acting as a thickener and emulsifier by benefiting the functional, bioactive and sensory characteristics.
References
Al-Sayed, HMA, Rasmy, NMH, Rizk, IRS & Yousef, EEI. (2012). Functional properties of some fat-replacers and their uses in preparation of reducedfat mayonnaise. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, (7)1, 109-119.
Alba, K, Laws, AP & Kontogiorgos, V. (2015). Isolation and characterization of acetylated LM-pectins extracted from okra pods. Food Hydrocolloids, (43), 726–735.
AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. (2016). Official methods of analysis. 20. ed. Washington, D.C.
APHA. American Public Health Association. (1992). Standard methods for the examination of dairy products. Washington, 345p.
Ares, G, Barreiro, C, Deliza, R, Giménez, A & Gámbaro, A. (2010). Aplicação de uma pergunta de verificação para todos que aplica-se ao desenvolvimento de sobremesas de leite de chocolate. Revista de Estudos Sensoriais, (25), 67-86.
Dimopoulou, M, Ritzoulis, C & Panayiotou, C. (2015). Surface characterization of okra hydrocolloid extract by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, (475)1, 37–43.
Dutcosky, SD. (2013). Análise sensorial de alimentos. 4ª ed. Curitiba: Champagnat, 531p.
Fernandes, RPP, Trindade, MA, Tomin, FG, Lima, CG, Pugine, SMP, Munekata, PES, Lorenzo, JM, De Melo, MP. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of 13 plant extracts by three different methods: cluster analyses applied for selection of the natural extracts with higher antioxidant capacity to replace synthetic antioxidant in lamb burgers. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-10.
Gemede, HF, Ratta, N, Haki, GD & Woldegiorgis, AZ. (2014). Nutritional quality and health benefits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): A review. Food Science and Quality Management, (33), 87-97.
Georgiadis, N, Ritzoulis, C, Sioura, G, Kornezou, P, Vasiliadou, C & Tsioptsias, C. (2011). Contribution of okra extracts to the stability and rheology of oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocolloids, (25)5, 991–999.
Ghori, MU, Alba, K, Smith, AM, Conway, BR & Kontogiorgos, V. (2014). Okra extracts in pharmaceutical and food applications. Food Hydrocolloids, (42)3, 342-347.
Ghori, MU, Mohammad, MA, Rudrangi, SRS, Fleming, LT, Merchant, HA, Smith, AM & Conway, BR. (2017). Impact of purification on physicochemical, surface and functional properties of okra biopolymer. Food Hydrocolloids, (71), 311-320.
Gularte, MA. (2009). Análise sensorial. Pelotas: Editora Universitária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 66p.
Hussein, MM, Hassan, FAM, Abdel Daym, HH, Salama, A, Enab, AK & Abd El-galil, A. (2011). Utilization of some plant polysaccharides for improving yoghurt consistency. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, (56)2, 97–103.
IAL. Instituto Adolfo Lutz. (2008). Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos. 4ª ed., 1ª ed. Digital, São Paulo, 1020p.
Laurenti, E & Garcia, S. (2013). Eficiência de materiais encapsulantes naturais e comerciais na liberação controlada de probiótico encapsulado. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, (16)2, p 107–115.
Lin, MJY, Humbert, ES & Sosulski, F. W. (1974). Certain functional properties of sunflower meal products. Journal of Food Science, (39)1, 368-70.
Maciel, GM, Luz, JMQ, Campos, SFB, Finzi, RR & Azevedo, BNR. (2017). Heterosis in okra hybrids obtained by hybridization of two methods: Traditional and experimental. Horticultura Brasileira, (35)1.
Mcclements, DJ & Gumus, CE. (2016). Natural emulsifiers - Biosurfactants, phospholipids, biopolymers, and colloidal particles: Molecular and physicochemical basis of functional performance. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, (234), 3–26.
Melo, SS, Silva, MCM, Santana, YAG & Lima, A. (2012). Formulação, caracterização físico-química, sensorial, microbiológica e vida de prateleira de molho de tomate para pizza. Publicações em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, (6)15.
Petropoulos, S, Fernandes, A, Barros, L & Ferreira, ICFR. (2018). Chemical composition, nutritional value and antioxidant properties of Mediterranean okra genotypes in relation to harvest stage. Food Chemistry, (242), 466–474.
Petrut, RF, Danthine, S & Blecker, C. (2016). Assessment of partial coalescence in whippable oil-in-water food emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, (229), 25–33.
R Core Tean. The R Project for Statistical Computing. (2014). R: a language and environment for statistical computing, Viena, Austria. Disponível em: <http://www.R-project.org/>.
Romanchik-Cerpovicz, JE, Costantino, AC & Gunn, LH. (2006). Sensory evaluation ratings and melting characteristics show that okra gum is an acceptable milk-fat ingredient substitute in chocolate frozen dairy dessert. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, (106)4, 594–597.
Segura-Campos, MR, Acosta-Chi, Z, Rosado-Rubio, G, Chel-Guerrero, L & Betancur-Ancona, D. (2014). Whole and crushed nutlets of chia (Salvia hispanica) from Mexico as a source of functional gums. Food Science and Technology, (34)4, 701- 709.
Silva, FAZ & Azevedo, CAV. (2016). The assistat software version 7.7 and its use in the analysis of experimental data. African Journal of Agricultural Research, (11)39, 3733-3740.
Stevens, JE & Chapman, RA. (1955). The determination of starch in meat products with the anthrne reagent. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v. 38, n. 2, p. 202-210, 1955.
Sousa, APB, Lima, FGS & Lima, A. (2015). Propriedades nutricionais do maxixe e do quiabo. Revista Saúde em Foco, Teresina, (2)1, art. 8, 113-129.
Sosulski, F, Humbert, E.S, Bui, K & Jones, JD. (1976). Functional properties of rapeseed flour, concentrates and isolate. Journal Food Science, (41)6, 1349-76.
Vasconcelos, NM, Pinto, GAS & Aragão, FAS. (2013). Determinação de açúcares redutores pelo Ácido 3,5-Dinitrosalicílico: histórico do desenvolvimento do método e estabelecimento de um protocolo para o laboratório de bioprocessos, 29 p. Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical (Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento 88).
Waterhouse, A. (2006). Folin-ciocalteau micro metheol for total phenol in wine. America Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 3-5.
Yuennan, P, Sajjaanantakul, T & Goff, HD. (2014). Effect of okra cell wall and polysaccharide on physical properties and stability of ice cream. Journal of Food Science, (79)8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.