Frequency of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18904Keywords:
Metabolyc Syndrome; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Schizophrenia.Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is characterized by a set of factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases related to central obesity and insulin resistance. The numbers of morbidity and mortality and socioeconomic costs to public health services are alarming and their prevalence varies according to the diagnostic criteria and the population studied. The world population has a prevalence of 25%, considering schizophrenic patients, the mean MS prevalence rate found is 32.5%. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychosis without a defined cause, a multifactorial disease that appears slowly or suddenly and is related to health problems, such as difficulty with self-care, thought processing, interpersonal relationships, which favors social isolation and difficulty in the rehabilitation process. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in schizophrenic patients according to the international diagnostic criteria of NCEP / ATP / III and IDF. Methods: Cross-sectional and analytical epidemiological study. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical data were collected. For data analysis, absolute, relative and multivariate frequency measures were used, and a significance level of 5% was considered. Results: The frequency of MS was 38.9 and 43.1%, NCEP / ATP / III and IDF respectively. Women had a greater presence of MS and altered waist circumference than men. The group with MS changed more frequently in terms of individual components changed compared to the group without MS. Conclusion: The frequency of MS and its individual components altered was high, especially among women.
References
Albano, D. A. S. (2012). Esquizofrenia - Patologia e terapêutica. [Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal]. https://sapientia.ualg.pt/bitstream/10400.1/3136/1/Monografia%20Esquizofrenia%20-%20Patologia%20e%20Terap%C3%AAutica.pdf
Aygencel, G., Karamercan, A., Akinci, E., Demircan, A., & Akeles, A. (2006). Metabolic syndrome and its association with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Advances in therapy, 23(3), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02850171
Bai, Y. M., Chen, T. T., Yang, W. S., Chi, Y. C., Lin, C. C., Liou, Y. J., Wang, Y. C., Su, T. P., Chou, P., & Chen, J. Y. (2009). Association of adiponectin and metabolic syndrome among patients taking atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a cohort study. Schizophrenia research, 111(1-3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.014
Bener, A., Al-Hamaq, A. O., & Dafeeah, E. E. (2014). A two fold risk of metabolic syndrome in a sample of patients with schizophrenia: do consanguinity and family history increase risk?. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 8(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2013.10.003
Boyer, L., Richieri, R., Dassa, D., Boucekine, M., Fernandez, J., Vaillant, F., Padovani, R., Auquier, P., & Lancon, C. (2013). Association of metabolic syndrome and inflammation with neurocognition in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry research, 210(2), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.020
Brito, L., Galvanin, C., do Amaral, D., Kato, P., Cat, M., & Boguszewski, M. (2016). Influência da atividade física sobre critérios diagnósticos da síndrome metabólica em estudantes. Arquivos de Ciências Da Saúde, 23(1), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.17696/2318-3691.23.1.2016.203
Cerda,V. & Villarroel, L. (2008). Evaluación de la concordancia inter-observador en investigación pediátrica: Coeficiente de Kappa. Revista Chilena de Pediatria, 79 (1), 54-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062008000100008
De Freitas, R. W., Jr, de Araújo, M. F., Marinho, N. B., de Vasconcelos, H. C., Lima, A. C., Pereira, D. C., Almeida, P. C., Zanetti, M. L., & Damasceno, M. M. (2013). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in Brazilian college students. Journal of clinical nursing, 22(9-10), 1291–1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12015
Feijó, F.M.; Bertoluci, M.C. & Reis C. (2011). Serotonina e controle hipotalâmico da fome: uma revisão. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 57(1):74-77. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302011000100020
Figueiredo Neto, J.A.; Figuerêdo, E.D.; Barbosa, J.B.; Barbosa, F.F.; Costa, G.R.C.; Nina, V.J.S. & Nina, R.V.A.H. (2010). Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 95(3), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000094
Fleischhacker, W. W., Siu, C. O., Bodén, R., Pappadopulos, E., Karayal, O. N., Kahn, R. S., & EUFEST study group (2013). Metabolic risk factors in first-episode schizophrenia: baseline prevalence and course analysed from the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 16(5), 987–995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145712001241
Freitas, P. H. B.; Pinto, J. A. F.; Nunes, F. D. D.; Souza, A. R. S. & Machado, R. M. (2016). Refractory schizophrenia: quality of life and associated factors. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 29(1), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/19820194201600009
Gordon, P.C.; Xavier, J.C., & Louzã, M.R. (2013). Weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and physical health care in a Brazilian sample of outpatients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9:133-138. http://observatorio.fm.usp.br/handle/OPI/2423
Granjeiro, P. A., da Silva, T. M., Dos Santos, D. D. R., Vieira, M. de S., Borges Neto, J. de S., & dos Santos, M. E. S. M. (2016). Frequency of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents from public schools of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, according to three international diagnostic criteria. Scientia Medica, 26(3), ID22854. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.3.22854
Grover, S., Aggarwal, M., Dutt, A., Chakrabarti, S., Avasthi, A., Kulhara, P., Somaiya, M., Malhotra, N., & Chauhan, N. (2012). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia in India. Psychiatry research, 200(2-3), 1035–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.043
Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Azanza, J. R., Bernardo, M., Rojo, L., Mesa, F., & Martínez-Ortega, J. M. (2014). Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes españoles con esquizofrenia y sobrepeso. El estudio CRESSOB [Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Spanish patients with schizophrenia and overweight. The CRESSOB Study]. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 42(1), 9–17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24504989/
De Hert, M. A., van Winkel, R., Van Eyck, D., Hanssens, L., Wampers, M., Scheen, A., & Peuskens, J. (2006). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication. Schizophrenia research, 83(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.855
Huang, M. C., Lu, M. L., Tsai, C. J., Chen, P. Y., Chiu, C. C., Jian, D. L., Lin, K. M., & Chen, C. H. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in Taiwan. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 120(4), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01401.x
International Diabetes Federation. (2008). International Diabetes Federation consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Metasyndrome_definition.pdf
Kagal, U. A.; Torgal, S. S.; Patil, N. M. & Malleshappa, A. (2012). Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Schizophrenic Patients Receiving Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents - A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 25(3), 368-373. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551560/
Kato, M. M., Currier, M. B., Gomez, C. M., Hall, L., & Gonzalez-Blanco, M. (2004). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Patients With Schizophrenia. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 6(2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v06n0205
Ko, Y. K., Soh, M. A., Kang, S. H. & Lee, J. I. (2013). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients using antipsychotics. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.80
Leão, A.M. (2013). Síndrome Metabólica em funcionários de uma universidade pública: fatores associados e concordância entre critérios de diagnóstico. [Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais]. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/GCPA-97WGWE
Lee, J., Nurjono, M., Wong, A., & Salim, A. (2012). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 41(10), 457–462. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23138143/
Matei, C., Pop, I., Jurcut, R., Suceveanu, M., Predescu, D., Nechita, E., Ionescu, P., Ciovica, D., & Ginghina, C. (2008). ROmanian multicentric study of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome--ROMES. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese, 49(5), 303–309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18846919/
Medeiros-Ferreira, L., Obiols, J. E., Navarro-Pastor, J. B., & Zúñiga-Lagares, A. (2013). Metabolic syndrome and health-related quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 41(1), 17–26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440532/
Mitchell, A. J., Vancampfort, D., De Herdt, A., Yu, W., & De Hert, M. (2013). Is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities increased in early schizophrenia? A comparative meta-analysis of first episode, untreated and treated patients. Schizophrenia bulletin, 39(2), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs082
Moll, M., Alves, J., Silva, D., Faria, T., Ventura, C., & Silva, L. D. (2015). Ações terapêuticas para pessoas com esquizofrenia acompanhadas num centro de atenção psicossocial. Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental, 14, 24-30. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293640564_Acoes_terapeuticas_para_pessoas_com_esquizofrenia_acompanhadas_num_Centro_de_Atencao_Psicossocial
Oliveira, M.R. & Furegato, F.A.R. (2012). Esquizofrenia e dependência de tabaco: uma revisão integrativa. Enfermería Global, 25, 404-425. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/eg/v11n25/pt_revision5.pdf
Padmavati, R., McCreadie, R. G., & Tirupati, S. (2010). Low prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in never-treated chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 121(1-3), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.010
Pinto, J.A.F.; Freitas, P.H.B.; Nunes, F.D.D.; Granjeiro, P.A.; Santos, L.L. & Machado, R.M. (2018). Prevalence of polymorphisms in the ANKK1, DRD2, DRD3 genes and metabolic syndrome in refractory schizophrenia. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 26(e2983). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2222.2983
Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. (2021). Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertensão arterial 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol, 116(3):516-658. https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201238
Sugawara, N., Yasui-Furukori, N., Sato, Y., Umeda, T., Kishida, I., Yamashita, H., Saito, M., Furukori, H., Nakagami, T., Hatakeyama, M., Nakaji, S., & Kaneko, S. (2010). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Schizophrenia research, 123(2-3), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.030
Suttajit, S. & Pilakanta, S. (2013). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with depression in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 941-946. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709830/
Suzuki, Y., Sugai, T., Fukui, N., Watanabe, J., Ono, S., Tsuneyama, N., Saito, M., & Someya, T. (2013). Low prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its prediction in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia. Human psychopharmacology, 28(2), 188–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2295
Sweileh, W. M., Zyoud, S. H., Dalal, S. A., Ibwini, S., Sawalha, A. F., & Ali, I. (2012). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia in Palestine. BMC psychiatry, 12, 235. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-235
Tirupati, S., & Chua, L. E. (2007). Obesity and metabolic syndrome in a psychiatric rehabilitation service. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 41(7), 606–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701392841
Vargas, T.S. & Santos, Z.E.A. (2011). Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes com esquizofrenia. Scientia medica,21(1), 4-8. https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/scientiamedica/article/view/7594/5942
Zhang, Y.; Chen, M.; Chen, J.; Wu, Z., Yu, S.; Fang, Y. & Zhang, C. (2013). Metabolic syndrome in patients taking clozapine: prevalence and influence of catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype. Psychopharmacology, 231(10):2211-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24448899/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Juscelino de Souza Borges Neto; Juliana Mara Flores Bicalho; Thais Marques da Silva; Mariana Sousa Vieira; Wendell Costa Bila; Pedro Henrique Batista de Freitas; Richardson Miranda Machado; Paulo Afonso Granjeiro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
