Effects of chess on cognitive functions and learning of schoolchildren: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i6.3410Keywords:
Review; Cognition; Learning; Teaching.Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review in the literature how the chess game influences cognition and the learning process in the school population. Method: Were consulted the PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and Lilacs digital databases, whose eligibility criteria selected randomized controlled trials and that the sample covered schoolchildren between 6:0 and 17:11 years, without cognitive, intellectual and/or learning impairment. The researches, selection and analysis of articles were carried out by two independent evaluators. Results: Five studies that relate chess set with cognitive performance and learning were found. The studies were showed that chess game benefits the cognition and learning of schoolchildren, but they differ as to the significance of this benefit. Conclusions: There was a need for more studies on the theme and of high methodological quality, mainly related to students with learning difficulties.
References
Aciego, R., García, L., & Betancort, M. (2012). The benefits of chess for the intellectual and social-emotional enrichment in schoolchildren. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 551-559. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38866.
Aciego, R., García, L., & Betancort, M. (2016). Efectos del método de entrenamiento en ajedrez, entrenamiento táctico versus formación integral, en las competencias cognitivas y sociopersonales de los escolares. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.emea.
Andrade, L. P. (2017). O uso do xadrez como ferramenta de desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças. Pedagogia em Ação, 9(1), 65-75. Recuperado de http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/pedagogiacao/article/view/12197.
Araújo, R. B. (2013). O xadrez escolar como um jogo estratégico no processo de ensino aprendizagem nas turmas de 8ª série do ensino fundamental da Escola Estadual Alberto Santos Dumont. (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso) – Universidade de Brasília – Polo Unifap – AP, Macapá, AP, Brasil.
Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychol. Bull., 128:612–637. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.612
Barrett, D., & Fish, W. (2011). Our move: Using chess to improve math achievement for students who receive special education services. Int.J.Spec. Educ., 26:181-193. Recuperado de http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ959011.pdf.
Bart, W. M. (2014). On the effect of chess training on scholastic achievement. Front. Psychol. 5(762):1-3. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00762.
Becker, N., Piccolo, L. R., & Salles, J. F. (2019). Verbal Fluency Development Across Childhood: Normative Data from Brazilian–Portuguese Speakers and Underlying Cognitive Processes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. doi:10.1093/arclin/acz022.
Berg, W. K., & Byrd, D. L. (2002). The Tower of London spatial problem-solving task: enhancing clinical and research implementation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24:586–604. DOI 10.1076/jcen.24.5.586.1006.
Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Gonzalez-Perez, M., Garcia-Lopez, R., Poza-Cano, B., Perez-Moreno, M. R., De Leon-Martinez, V., & Otero-Perez, J. (2016). Eficacia del ajedrez en el tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad: un estudio prospectivo abierto. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 9(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2015.02.003.
Burgoyne, A. P., Sala, G., Gobet, F., Macnamara, B. N., Campitelli, G., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2016, November 1). The relationship between cognitive ability and chess skill: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Intelligence. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.08.002.
Cardoso, C. O., Seabra, A. G., Gomes, C. M. A & Fonseca, R. P. (2019). Program for the Neuropsychological Stimulation of Cognition in Students: Impact, Effectiveness, and Transfer Effects on Student Cognitive Performance. Front. Psychol. 10:1784. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01784.
Charness, N. (1992). The impact of chess research on cognitive science. Psychological Research, 54(1), 4–9. doi:10.1007/bf01359217.
Christofoletti, D. F. A. (2005). O jogo de xadrez na educação matemática. Lecturas: Educación física y deportes. Recuperado de http://www.efdeportes.com/efd80/xadrez.htm
Da Silva, W. (2004). Processos cognitivos no jogo de xadrez. (Dissertação) –Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
De Groot, A. (1978). Thought and choice in chess. (2a. ed.) New York: Mouton Publishers.
Ciasca, S. M., Rodrigues, S. das D., Azoni, C. A. S., De Lima, R. F. (Org.) (2015). Transtornos de aprendizagem: neurociência e interdisciplinaridade. Ribeirão Preto: Book Toy.
Darido, S. (2004). A educação física na escola e o processo de formação dos não praticantes de atividade física. Revista Brasileira De Educação Física E Esporte, 18(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092004000100006.
De Oliveira Júnior, J. D., Campos, S. D., & Gomes, R. L. R. (2016). O xadrez como ferramenta pedagógica para o ensino da matemática em uma escola de ensino fundamental. Revista Atlante: Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo. Recuperado de: http://www.eumed.net/rev/atlante/2016/07/xadrez.html.
Donovan, M. S.; Bransford, J. D.; Pellegrino, J. W. (1999). How people learn: Bridging research and practice. Washington: National Academies Pres.
Fantoni, R. M. M. (2011). Physical education and the use of TICs for teaching chess in elementary school. (Monografia) – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Sobradinho, RS, Brasil.
Fattahi, F., Geshani, A., Jafari, Z., Jalaie, S., & Salman Mahini, M. (2015). Auditory memory function in expert chess players. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 29(1), 1021–1029. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4715404/pdf/MJIRI-29-275.pdf.
Ferreira, E. R. (2008) O xadrez na educação infantil: um estudo com professores de educação física da rede municipal de ensino. (Monografia) – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
Franke, A. G., Gränsmark, P., Agricola, A., Schühle, K., Rommel, T., Sebastian, A., … Lieb, K. (2017). Methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine for cognitive enhancement in chess: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(3), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.006.
Gliga, F., & Flesner, P. I. (2014). Cognitive Benefits of Chess Training in Novice Children. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 962–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.328.
Gobet, F. (2016). Understanding expertise: A multi-disciplinary approach. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.
Grau-Pérez, G., & Moreira, K. (2017). A study of the influence of chess on the Executive Functions in school-aged children / Estudio del impacto del ajedrez sobre las Funciones Ejecutivas en niños de edad escolar. Estudios de Psicologia, 38(2), 473–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/02109395.2017.1295578.
Hernández, P. (1983). Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI). Madrid: TEA.
Hong, S., & Bart, W. (2007). Cognitive effects of chess instruction on students at risk for academic failure. Int.J.Spec.Educ., 22:89–96. Recuperado de https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ814515.pdf.
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996). Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 .
Kakoma, L., & Giannakopoulos, A. (2016). Chess playing and mathematics: An exploratory study in the South African Context. In C. Vaz de Carvalho, P. Escudeiro, A. Coelho (Eds.), Serious games, interaction, and simulation: 5th international conference, SGAMES 2015 Novedrate, Italy, september 16–18, 2015 revised selected papers. In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST (Vol. 161). Springer Verlag. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29060-7.
Kaller, C. P., Rahm, B., Köstering, L., & Unterrainer, J. M. (2011). Reviewing the impact of problem structure on planning: A software tool for analyzing tower tasks. Behavioural Brain Research, 216, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.029.
Kazemi, F., Yektayar, M., & Abad, A. M. B. (2012). Investigation the impact of chess play on developing meta-cognitive ability and math problem-solving power of students at different levels of education. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 32, pp. 372–379). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.med.2018.09.016.
Mullis, I. V. S., & Martin, M. O. (2013). TIMSS 2015 assessment frameworks. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
Oecd (2012). Pisa 2012 Assessment and Analytical Framework Mathematics, Reading, Science, Problem Solving and Financial Literacy. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Panaoura, A., & Philippou, G. (2007). The developmental change of young pupils’ metacognitive ability in mathematics in relation to their cognitive abilities. Cognitive Development, 22, 149–164. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.08.004.
Pereira, A.S. et al. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [e-book]. Santa Maria. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1. Acesso em: 02 Abril 2020.
Raven, J. C. (1965). Guide to using the Coloured Progressive Matrices. London: Lewis.
Rodrigues, A. (2008). O xadrez na educação física escolar. Revista Motrivivência, (31):182-186. Retirado de https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/motrivivencia/article/viewFile/14100/12964.
Rosholm, M., Mikkelsen, M. B., & Gumede, K. (2017). Your move: The effect of chess on mathematics test scores. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177257
Saariluoma, P. (1995). Chess players’ thinking: a cognitive psychological approach. New York: Routledge.
Sala, G., Foley, J. P., & Gobet, F. (2017, February 23). The effects of chess instruction on pupils’ cognitive and academic skills: State of the art and theoretical challenges. Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers Research Foundation. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00238.
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2017). Does chess instruction improve mathematical problem-solving ability? Two experimental studies with an active control group. Learning and Behavior, 45(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-017-0280-3.
Santos, A. M., & Melo, A. S. A. S. (2015). Os benefícios do xadrez como ferramenta pedagógica complementar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do Centro Educacional Vivência. Rev. Educ., 8(25):63-69. Recuperado de http://www.pgsskroton.com.br/seer/index.php/educ/article/view/3479/3066.
Sartori, RF, Valentini, NC, Fonseca, RP. Executive function in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A comparative study. Child Care Health Dev. 2020; 1– 9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12734.
Scholz, M., Niesch, H., Steffen, O., Ernst, B., Loeffler, M., Witruk, E., & Schwarz, H. (2008). Impact of chess training on mathematics performance and concentration ability of children with learning disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 23(3), 139–149. Recuperado de https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ833690.pdf.
Tirado, A., & Da Silva, W. (1995). Meu primeiro livro de xadrez: curso para escolares. Curitiba: Expoente.
Thorndike, E. L., & Woodworth, R. S. (1901). The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions. Psychological Review, 8(3):247-261. doi: 10.1037/h0074898.
Trinchero, R., & Sala, G. (2016). Chess training and mathematical problem-solving: The role of teaching heuristics in transfer of learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(3), 655–668. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2016.1255a.
Unterrainer, J. M., Kaller, C. P., Leonhart, R., & Rahm, B. (2011). Revising superior planning performance in chess players: The impact of time restriction and motivation aspects. The American Journal of Psychology, 124:213–225. doi: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.124.2.0213.
Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, WISC-R. Madrid: TEA, 1993.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.