Composición química, fitotoxicidad y citogenicidad del aceite esencial de hojas de cultivares de Psidium guajava L.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17710Palabras clave:
Actividad biológica; Bioherbicidas; Cromosoma; Bioensayo vegetal; Terpenos; Índice mitótico.Resumen
Los productos naturales con actividad biológica, como los aceites esenciales, pueden utilizarse en la búsqueda y desarrollo de herbicidas ecológicos como alternativa para reducir el daño causado por los herbicidas sintéticos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la composición química y propiedades fitotóxicas de los aceites esenciales, a concentraciones de 3000, 1500, 750, 375 y 187.5 µg/mL, de cuatro cultivares de Psidium guajava (guayaba) evaluados en la germinación y crecimiento radicular de modelos vegetales Lactuca sativa y Sorghum bicolor, así como en el ciclo celular de L. sativa. La exposición a los aceites esenciales redujo la germinación y el crecimiento de las raíces en los bioensayos, especialmente a la concentración más alta (3000 µg/mL). Los aceites esenciales interfirieron en la dinámica normal del ciclo celular de L. sativa en la mayoría de concentraciones, provocando disminución del índice mitótico y aumento de alteraciones cromosómicas, evidenciando acción aneugénica y clastogénica. La actividad biológica de los aceites se asoció con la presencia de sesquiterpenos y monoterpenos que se encuentran aquí, como el óxido de cariofileno, (E) -cariofileno y limoneno. Así, los aceites esenciales de cultivares de guayaba demostraron el potencial prometedor para su uso como herbicidas naturales.
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