Gasificación de biomasa en agua supercrítica como tecnología de producción de hidrogeno
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31296Palabras clave:
Agua; Supercrítico; Hidrógeno; Biomasa; Gasificación.Resumen
El interés por utilizar biomasa para la producción de energía ha crecido considerablemente. Además de la reutilización de residuos de industrias agrícolas y alimentarias, la energía de la biomasa evita el aumento de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera. La biomasa residual se puede utilizar de varias maneras para generar energía. Uno de ellos, y quizás el más eficiente, es la producción de hidrógeno. El estudio de la producción de hidrógeno por fuentes alternativas ha crecido en los últimos años debido a la necesidad de utilizar fuentes renovables y al desarrollo tecnológico de las pilas de combustible. Entre varias alternativas, la gasificación en agua supercrítica tiene la ventaja de no ser específica para un determinado residuo (agrícola o efluente de diferentes procesos). Durante la gasificación en agua supercrítica, es decir, a temperaturas y presiones superiores o iguales a 374 °C y 22,1 MPa, respectivamente, se produce en gran medida hidrógeno (H2) y dióxido de carbono (CO2). Sin embargo, por alcanzar altas temperaturas y presiones, los materiales para la construcción y mantenimiento de la planta de producción merecen especial atención y el alto costo de operación se convierte en el mayor obstáculo para el desarrollo de esta tecnología. Sin embargo, parece que, además de una gran eficiencia energética, el uso de hidrógeno en las celdas de combustible genera solo agua como subproducto, por lo que la sustitución de procesos que utilizan combustibles fósiles por procesos que utilizan fuentes alternativas es conveniente y oportuna. La tecnología de generación de hidrógeno en agua supercrítica responde a este deseo y se están realizando nuevos estudios para hacerla más viable.
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