Gaseificação da biomassa em água supercrítica como tecnologia de produção de hidrogênio
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.31296Palavras-chave:
Água; Supercrítico; Hidrogênio; Biomassa; Gaseificação.Resumo
O interesse em utilizar a biomassa para produção de energia tem crescido consideravelmente. Além do reaproveitamento de resíduos de indústrias agrícolas e alimentícias a energia da biomassa evita o aumento de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera. A biomassa residual pode ser utilizada de diversas maneiras com o objetivo de gerar energia. Uma delas, e talvez a mais eficiente, é a produção de hidrogênio. O estudo da produção de hidrogênio por fontes alternativas cresceu nos últimos anos em função da necessidade da utilização de fontes renováveis e do desenvolvimento tecnológico de células a combustível. Dentre várias alternativas, a gaseificação em água supercrítica tem a vantagem de não ser específica para determinado resíduo (agrícolas ou de efluentes de processos diversos). Durante a gaseificação em água supercrítica, ou seja, em temperaturas e pressões maiores ou iguais a 374 °C e 22.1 MPa, respectivamente, são produzidos em grande parte hidrogênio (H2) e dióxido de carbono (CO2). No entanto, por atingir temperaturas e pressões elevadas, os materiais para construção e manutenção da planta de produção merecem atenção especial e o alto custo operacional torna-se o maior obstáculo para o desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. Contudo, verifica-se que, além de grande eficiência energética, a utilização de hidrogênio em células a combustível gera apenas água como subproduto, tornando, portanto, a substituição de processos que utilizam combustíveis fósseis por processos que utilizem fontes alternativas, conveniente e oportuna. A tecnologia de geração de hidrogênio em água supercrítica atende a esse anseio e novos estudos vêm sendo realizados para torná-la mais viável.
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