Biosurfactantes microbianos y aplicaciones ambientales: una revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34123Palabras clave:
Biosurfactantes; Metales pesados; remediación; PetróleoResumen
Las industrias petroleras son consideradas como los principales recursos energéticos, pero a la vez como productoras de grandes cantidades de residuos de hidrocarburos que son desechados en el suelo y en el agua. La contaminación por petróleo y derivados, incluidos los metales pesados, normalmente se trata mediante metodologías físicas, químicas o biológicas. Así, los biosurfactantes emergen como una alternativa promisoria para la remoción de aceite y sus derivados debido a su naturaleza anfipática, con porciones hidrofílicas e hidrofóbicas que permiten que estas moléculas tengan la capacidad de reducir la tensión interfacial, dispersar partículas de aceite, tener alta actividad superficial, tener baja toxicidad y alta biodegradabilidad, siendo ecológicamente correcto, además de actuar en condiciones extremas de salinidad, pH y temperatura. El presente estudio es una revisión narrativa, que consiste en una extensa revisión bibliográfica. El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar el potencial de los biosurfactantes microbianos para ser aplicados en la biorremediación ambiental. Las búsquedas de los artículos utilizados para componer este estudio se realizaron en bases de datos científicas digitales, utilizando palabras clave como biosurfactantes, petróleo, petroderivados, biorremediación y metales pesados. Esta revisión brinda información sobre las propiedades de los biosurfactantes, los microorganismos productores, los factores nutricionales y la aplicación de los biosurfactantes como una alternativa favorable en la remoción de petróleo y derivados, derrames de petróleo, limpieza e oleoductos y metales pesados.
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