La microbiota intestinal, enfermedades asociadas y los posibles tratamientos: Una revisión narrativa

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i1.41719

Palabras clave:

Microorganismos; Microbioma; Patologías; Disbiosis; Neurotransmisores.

Resumen

La microbiota está formada por varios microorganismos, bacterias, virus y hongos que habitan en el cuerpo humano, llevando a cabo procesos mutualistas. Este mecanismo interfiere directamente con la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, la protección contra organismos patógenos, la regulación del sistema inmune y las funciones enzimáticas que actúan como estimuladores y precursores de sustancias involucradas en diversos procesos metabólicos del huésped. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir las funciones de la microbiota intestinal, junto con los microorganismos existentes en el intestino humano, que es uno de los más grandes en diversidad, número y funciones realizadas. Los estudios fueron analizados utilizando bases de datos como Periódico CAPES, SciELO y LILACS y PubMed, cubriendo publicaciones entre 1990 y 2022. La microbiota intestinal es responsable de mantener la homeostasis intestinal, en la que previene el desarrollo de patógenos y agentes infecciosos. Existe una relación entre el aumento de las tasas inflamatorias y la disbiosis intestinal, que puede estar asociada a dietas inadecuadas, consumo de productos tóxicos y químicos, así como a factores genéticos y ambientales que pueden suprimir o desencadenar el aumento de bacterias dañinas. Se abordaron los determinantes de la microbiota intestinal. Se debatió sobre la relación entre el cerebro y el intestino y la influencia de la microbiota en la obesidad, el sistema inmunitario, el desarrollo de enfermedades neurológicas y el cáncer. Se ha presentado el papel de la microbiota en la colitis pseudomembranosa. Se pudo entender que la disbiosis desencadena varias respuestas inmunes innatas y adaptativas que pueden desarrollar la formación de varios procesos nocivos para el huésped. Se concluye que la microbiota intestinal desempeña un papel clave en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis intestinal a través del sistema inmunitario del huésped, y evoluciona con él, influyendo en el metabolismo, la fisiología y el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario, mientras que la alteración de la comunidad microbiana puede dar lugar a enfermedades crónicas.

Biografía del autor/a

Maria Eduarda Garcia de Andrade, Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Graduanda do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Professor Alberto Carvalho, Itabaiana, Se.

Célia Gomes de Siqueira, Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Doutora em Microbiologia Aplicada pela UNESP de Rio Claro, SP, Docentes da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Professor Alberto Carvalho, Itabaiana, SE.

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Publicado

13/01/2024

Cómo citar

ANDRADE, M. E. G. de .; SIQUEIRA, C. G. de . La microbiota intestinal, enfermedades asociadas y los posibles tratamientos: Una revisión narrativa. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 13, n. 1, p. e6113141719, 2024. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v13i1.41719. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/41719. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.

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Ciencias de la salud