Avances en la comprensión de las bases neurales de la regulación emocional - Una revisión narrative
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i8.46553Palabras clave:
Afecto; Regulación emocional; Reestructuración cognitiva; Corteza pré-frontal; Amígdala del cerebelo.Resumen
La regulación emocional es el uso de procesos conscientes o inconscientes que alteran la naturaleza, intensidad o duración de las emociones. Las emociones disfuncionales son una parte central de la sintomatología de los trastornos mentales. Son una gran fuente de sufrimiento psíquico y la principal razón de búsqueda de ayuda en salud mental. La regulación emocional es parte integral de diferentes enfoques en psicoterapia, y un mayor conocimiento sobre los procesos neuronales involucrados puede permitir la mejora de las estrategias de tratamiento. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión narrativa de la literatura que aborda los avances en la comprensión de las bases neurales implicadas en las estrategias de regulación de las emociones. Las emociones resultan de la activación de varias redes neuronales en un trabajo conjunto e integrado. Esta red incluye áreas que juegan un papel destacado, como el tálamo, la amígdala, la ínsula, el estriado ventral, la corteza prefrontal medial, la orbitofrontal, la somatosensorial y el cíngulo anterior. Estas áreas también están involucradas en la regulación emocional, ya sea como objetivo o como agentes de regulación. La reevaluación, que es la estrategia más estudiada, además de disminuir la actividad de la amígdala, recluta regiones prefrontales y parietales involucradas en procesos de control cognitivo no afectivo, como la inhibición de respuesta, el cambio de tareas y la memoria de trabajo. La investigación en este campo con los nuevos enfoques de identificación de circuitos distintos por métodos optogenéticos y quimiogenéticos es bastante prometedora. La profundización del conocimiento de estos procesos tiene el potencial de proporcionar un punto de convergencia transtórico y transdiagnóstico en psicoterapia.
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