Farmacogenômica: uma oportunidade para uma farmacoterapia mais segura e eficiente
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i17.38884Palavras-chave:
Polimorfismos genéticos; Farmacogenética; Farmacogenômica; Reações adversas a medicamentos; Medicina personalizada.Resumo
As respostas aos fármacos são influenciadas por múltiplos fatores, incluindo estado de saúde, influências ambientais e características genéticas. A biodisponibilidade de um fármaco pode variar amplamente entre indivíduos com peso semelhante sob a mesma quantidade de fármaco, o que pode resultar em toxicidade e reações adversas aos fármacos (RAFs). Polimorfismos genéticos são causas conhecidas para as diferenças interindividuais no risco para desenvolvimento de doenças e na resposta ao tratamento farmacológico. Um número relevante de associações entre variantes genéticas humanas e predisposição aos eventos adversos tem sido descrito para diferentes tipos de interações medicamentosas, envolvendo centenas de proteínas tais como receptores, transportadores e enzimas metabolizadoras. Dessa forma, a Farmacogenética e a Farmacogenômica surgiram com o objetivo de determinar o componente genético responsável pela resposta aos fármacos. Uma atenção é dada para se um tratamento beneficia (ou prejudica) um determinado subgrupo de pessoas, considerando uma interação entre o tratamento e o histórico genético da população. Nesse cenário, os pesquisadores têm se concentrado em entender melhor a medicina personalizada que tem o potencial de maximizar uma eficiência dos fármacos e minimizar os efeitos tóxicos. Esta revisão visa apresentar alguns princípios, perspectivas e aplicações clínicas da farmacogenética, enfatizando achados importantes e aplicações clínicas que podem contribuir para o aprimoramento terapêutico.
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