Impactos da pandemia da COVID-19 sobre hábitos de vida, saúde mental e estratégias de enfrentamento em uma subpopulação de adolescentes brasileiros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i5.41762Palavras-chave:
COVID-19; Adolescentes; Saúde mental; Ansiedade; Depressão; Estresse; Enfrentamento.Resumo
A pandemia da COVID-19 acarretou um impacto sem precedentes na vida da população mundial, funcionando como um importante desencadeador de problemas mentais. Uma vez que a adolescência confere vulnerabilidade a estressores ambientais, esse estudo analisou o impacto da pandemia na vida cotidiana, saúde mental e estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas por adolescentes brasileiros e possíveis correlações entre essas medidas. Foram aplicados um questionário de verificação do impacto da pandemia em diferentes aspectos da vida cotidiana (atividades acadêmicas, interação familiar/social e saúde física/mental), a Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) e o Coping Response Inventory – Youth Form (CRI-Y) em 215 adolescentes de uma escola brasileira de Ensino Fundamental/Médio. Os resultados mostraram que a pandemia afetou particularmente a interação familiar/social e aspectos relacionados à saúde física/mental, de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Para essa população, os níveis de depressão, ansiedade e estresse também foram maiores. Observou-se uma interação significativa entre gênero e estágio de escolaridade para a estratégia "Aceitação ou Resignação", com as meninas mais velhas, pontuando mais. Houve correlação significativa entre os sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse e as estratégias de enfrentamento: "Análise Lógica", "Esquiva Cognitiva", "Aceitação-Resignação" e "Descarga Emocional". Os resultados sugerem que a pandemia impactou diferentes aspectos da vida cotidiana da população estudada e contribuiu para a piora da saúde mental em adolescentes do sexo feminino, influenciando a utilização de estratégias desadaptativas. Faz-se urgentemente necessário o desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes, direcionadas a mudanças no enfrentamento ao estresse, para mitigar os efeitos negativos da COVID-19 em adolescentes.
Referências
Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 40(4), 219-221. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150205
Algorani, E. B., & Gupta V. Coping Mechanisms. (2022). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559031
Anda, D., Baroni, S., Boskin, L., Buchwald, L., Morgan, J., Ow, J., Gold, J. S., & Weiss, R. (2000). Stress, stressors and coping among high school students. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(6), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(00)00096-7
Beesdo-Baum, K., & Knappe, S. (2012). Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.001
Blakemore, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annu Rev Psychol. 65, 187-207. 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202
Breslau, J., Finucane, M. L., Locker, A. R., Baird, M. D., Roth, E. A., Collins, R. L. (2021). A longitudinal study of psychological distress in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine, 143:106362. https://10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106362
Chen, I-H., Chen, C-Y., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C-Y. (2020) Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59, 1099–1102. https://10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.007
Cohen, D. B., Luck, M., Hormozaki, A., & Saling, L. L. (2020). Increased meaningful activity while social distancing dampens affectivity; mere busyness heightens it: Implications for well-being during COVID-19. PLoS ONE ,15(12): e0244631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244631
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. M., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K .H., Gruhn, M .A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 939–991. http:// 10.1037/bul0000110
Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A. B., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H. (2017). Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.24
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21
Deolmi, M., & Pisani, F. (2020). Psychological and psychiatric impact of COVID-19 pandemic among children and adolescents. Acta Biomed. 91(4), e2020149. 10.23750/abm.v91i4.10870. De Anda, D., Baroni, S., Boskin, L., Buchwald, L., Morgan, J., Ow, J., Gold, J. S., & Weiss, R. M. (2000). Stress, stressors and coping among high school students. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(6), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-7409(00)00096-7
Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275,112-118. https://10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020). Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 52(3), 177– 187. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000215
Estela, C. (2018). Metodologia Científica: Ciência, Ensino, Pesquisa. Editora Artes Médicas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., da Silva Chagas, L., Raony, Í., Ferreira, E. S., Giestal-de-Araujo, E., Dos Santos, A. A., & Bomfim, P. O. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: Biological, environmental, and social factors. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 106, 110171. https://10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171
Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (1991). Adolescent coping: the different ways in which boys and girls cope. Journal of Adolescence, 14(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(91)90025-m
Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (1993). Boys play sport and girls turn to others: age, gender and ethnicity as determinants of coping. Journal of Adolescence, 16(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1993.1024
Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M.R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113264. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.284
Ho, T.C. Stress and Neurodevelopment in Adolescent Depression. (2019). Biological Psychiatry. 86(10):e33-e35. https://10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.012.
Jones, E. A. K., Mitra, A. K., & Bhuiyan, A. R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052470
Kelly, M.M., Tyrka, A.R., Price, L.H., Carpenter, L.L. Sex differences in the use of coping strategies: predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms. (2008). Depression and Anxiety. 25(10):839-46. https://10.1002/da.20341.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of dsm-iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008). Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(12), 983–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z
Lee, J. M. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30109-7
Lessard, L. M., & Puhl, R. M. (2021). Adolescent academic worries amid COVID-19 and perspectives on pandemic-related changes in teacher and peer relations. School Psychology, 36(5), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000443
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2004). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. (4th ed). Psychology Foundation, Sydney, Australia.
Manchia, M., Gathier, A. W., Yapici-Eser, H., Schmidt, M.V., de Quervain, D., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Cryan, J. F., Howes, O. D., Pinto, L., van der Wee, N. J., Domschke, K., Branchi, I., Vinkers, C .H. (2022). The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: A critical review across waves. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 55, 22-83. https://10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864.
Matud, M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1401-1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010
McHenry, J. A., Carrier, N., Hull, E. M., & Kabbaj, M. (2014). Sex differences in anxiety and depression: Role of testosterone. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.09.001
Moos, R. H. (1993). Coping Response Inventory Youth Form- Professional Manual. PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, Florida.
Moret-Tatay, C., Beneyto-Arrojo, M. J., Laborde-Bois, S. C., Martínez-Rubio, D., & Senent-Capuz, N. (2016). Gender, coping, and mental health: A Bayesian network model analysis. Social Behavior and Personality, 44(5), 827-836. https://doi:10.2224/sbp.2016.44.5.827
Oldehinkel, A. J., & Bouma, E. M. C. (2011). Sensitivity to the depressogenic effect of stress and HPA-axis reactivity in adolescence: A review of gender differences. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1757–1770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.013
Patias, N. D., De Lara Machado, W., Bandeira, D. R., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2016). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) - short form: adaptação e validação para adolescentes brasileiros. Psico-USF, 21(3), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712016210302
Pigaiani, Y., Zoccante, L., Zocca, A., Arzenton, A., Menegolli, M., Fadel, S., Ruggeri, M., & Colizzi, M. (2020). Adolescent Lifestyle Behaviors, Coping Strategies and Subjective Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Student Survey. Healthcare (Basel), 8(4), 472. https://doi:10.3390/healthcare8040472
Pikó, B. (2001). Gender differences and similarities in adolescents’ ways of coping. Psychological Record, 51(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03395396
R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Romeo, R. D. (2013). The teenage brain: the stress response and the adolescent brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 140-145. https://10.1177/0963721413475445.
Saurabh, K., & Ranjan, S. (2020). Compliance and Psychological Impact of Quarantine in Children and Adolescents due to Covid-19 Pandemic. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(7), 532-536. https://10.1007/s12098-020-03347-3
Scott, S. R., Rivera, K. M., Rushing, E., Manczak, E. M., Rozek, C. S., & Doom, J. R. (2021). "I Hate This": A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 262-269. https://10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2015). Stress, Coping, and Relationships in Adolescence. Taylors & Francis Group, Abingdon, United Kingdom.
Singh, S., Roy, D., Sinha, K., Parveen, S., Sharma, G., & Joshi, G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging, 293, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24:417–463. https://10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2
Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
Strange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2014). A vulnerability-stress examination of response styles theory in adolescence: stressors, sex differences, and symptom specificity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(5), 813–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.812037
Thibaut, F., & Van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M. (2020). Women’s mental health in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2020.588372
Walton, M. J., Murray, E., & Christian, M. D. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care, 9(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795
World Health Organization (2021). Mental health of adolescents. https://www.whoint/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-healt. Accessed 10 Jan 2022.
Zanini, D. S., De Villemor-Amaral, A. E., Forns, M., & Kirchner, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the coping response inventory with Brazilian adolescents. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.17.20.pr0.107.5.617-628
Zhang, C., Ye, M., Fu, Y., Yang, M., Luo, F., Yuan, J., & Tao, Q. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers in china. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(6), 747–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.026
Zhou, S., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Guo, Z., Wang, J., Chen, J., Liu, M., Chen, X., & Chen, J. M. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Roberta Neves Gago Rodrigues; Jéssica Alves Lemes ; Felipe Granado de Souza; Adriana Marcassa Tucci ; Milena de Barros Viana
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1) Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
2) Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
3) Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
