Inmunoterapia CAR-T en tratamiento oncológico: revisión de la literatura

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27709

Palabras clave:

Neoplasias; Inmunoterapia adoptiva.; Receptores de antígenos quiméricos; Linfocitos; Sistema inmunitario.

Resumen

Introducción: Inmunoterapias están diseñadas para superar limitaciones de la terapia convencional contra el cáncer mediante estimulación de la respuesta inmunitaria innata al antígeno tumoral. Objetivo: Elaborar una revisión sobre inmunoterapia CAR-T (receptor de antígeno quimérico en células T) en el tratamiento oncológico. Métodos: Levantamiento bibliográfico de revisiones sistemáticas publicadas en PubMed en los últimos 5 años. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 21 estudios. El efecto antitumoral se produce a través de la lisis celular, con la liberación de citoquinas por los linfocitos CAR-T. El escape del tumor está relacionado con la capacidad a no exponer su complejo principal de histocompatibilidad y/o la incapacidad del sistema inmunitario adaptativo para reconocer los antígenos tumorales. Estas dianas moleculares pueden ser proteínas, carbohidratos, o glicolípidos, destacándose el CD19 como diana de esta terapia y en neoplasias como leucemias y linfomas. Se describieron cuatro generaciones de CARs que presentan diferencias en los dominios coestimuladores y eficiencia funcional. La terapia está indicada para casos de recurrencia o refractariedad de neoplasias hematológicas, pero se ha estudiado su aplicabilidad en tumores sólidos. Los eventos adversos de la inmunoterapia CAR-T descritos fueron: síndrome de liberación de citoquinas, neurotoxicidad, shock anafiláctico, reacciones autoinmunes, aplasia de células B, síndrome de lisis tumoral y enfermedad de injerto contra huésped. Conclusiones: Inmunoterapia CAR-T es una terapia prometedora contra el cáncer en recaída o refractario. Actualmente se utiliza principalmente en leucemias y linfomas. La elección de la dosis y generación de CARs debe ser juiciosa, considerando las dianas moleculares específicas de cada neoplasia y su presencia en tejidos sanos, evitando eventos adversos.

Citas

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Publicado

28/03/2022

Cómo citar

AZZAM, G. B. .; OLIVEIRA, E. G. de .; AZZAM, R. S. .; MENEZES-RODRIGUES, F. S. . Inmunoterapia CAR-T en tratamiento oncológico: revisión de la literatura. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 4, p. e57411427709, 2022. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27709. Disponível em: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/27709. Acesso em: 19 may. 2024.

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Sección

Ciencias de la salud